An article reported on a study that examined the cultural literacy of developmental, nondevelopmental, and English as a Second Language (ESL) college freshmen.

a. How many student scores were in the samples?
b. The students were divided into how many groups?
c. Given the SS and df values, verify the MS, the calculated F-value, and the p-value for each table.
d. Do the statistics in the first table show that the total scores were different for the groups involved? Explain.
e. Do the statistics in the second table show that the foreign-language-preparation scores were different for the groups involved? Explain.

Analysis of Variance by Group for Total Score Source df SS Group 2 Error 117 16394.53 140.12 Total 119 20456.59 MS 4062.06 2031.03 14.49 0.0001 Analysis of Variance by Group for Foreign Language Preparation Source df SS Group 2 Error 117 28.75 Total 119 29.70 MS 0.475 0.246 0.95 1.93 0.1493