Identify the kind of causality intended by the following statements. Is the cause a sufficient condition, necessary condition, or both sufficient and necessary condition?

­1. Throwing a brick through a window causes the window to break.

2. Heating an iron rod causes it to expand.

3. Slashing an inflated automobile tire with a knife will cause it to go flat.

­4. Releasing the shutter of a digital camera causes an image to appear on the sensor.

5. Pulling the trigger of a gun causes it to fire.

6. Wetting litmus paper with an acid causes it to turn red.

­7. Pouring water on a wood fire will cause it to be extinguished.

8. Eating contaminated food will cause one to become ill.

9. Stretching a spring causes it to exert an opposing force.

­10. Flipping the wall switch to the “up” position causes the overhead lights to go on.

11. Spilling red wine on a white napkin causes a stain to appear.

12. Planting grass seed in the ground causes grass to grow.

­13. Getting proper exercise causes a person to be healthy.

14. Robbing a bank causes a person to be a criminal.

15. Getting at least five votes on an issue before the U.S. Supreme Court causes the issue to become law.

­16. Signing a personal check causes it to be negotiable.

17. Rubbing a knife on a whetstone causes it to be sharpened.

18. Increasing the temperature of a glass of ice water causes the ice cubes to melt.

­19. Picking up a bat causes a baseball player to hit a home run.

20. Heating the gas in a ridged, closed container causes the pressure of the gas to rise.