In a study of prenatal influences on susceptibility to seizures in mice, pregnant females were randomly allocated to a control group or a "handled" group. Handled mice were given sham injections three times during gestation, while control mice were not touched. The offspring were tested for their susceptibility to seizures induced by a loud noise. The investigators noted that the response varied considerably from litter to litter. The accompanying table summarizes the results.45
If these data are analyzed as a 2 × 3 contingency table, the chi-square statistic is χ2s = 8.45 and Table 9 gives 0.01

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Response to loud noise No response Wild running Seizure Number of Treatment ltters Handled Control Number of mice 104 120 19 71 23 47 10 13 20 60