In each of the following situations, explain why the taxpayer's action is or is not tax evasion:

a. Jamal owns an electrical appliance repair service. When a client pays him in cash, he gives the cash to his daughter, Tasha. Jamal does not report the cash he gives to Tasha in his business income. Tasha has no other income, and the amount of cash that she receives from Jamal is small enough that she is not required to file a tax return.

b. Roberta and Dudley are married. Roberta usually prepares their tax return. However, in 2015 she was in the hospital and unable to prepare the return, so Dudley did it. In preparing their 2016 return, Roberta notices that Dudley included $1,000 of tax-exempt municipal bond interest in their 2015 gross income. To correct this mistake, Roberta takes a $1,000 deduction on the 2016 return.

c. In 2016, Hearthome Corporation receives notice that the IRS is auditing its 2014 return. In preparing for the audit, Hearthome's controller, Monique, finds a mistake in the total for the 2014 depreciation schedule that resulted in a $5,000 overstatement of depreciation expense.

d. While preparing his tax return, Will becomes unsure of the treatment of a deduction item. He researches the issue and can find no concrete tax law authority pertaining to the particular item. Will calls up his buddy Dan, an accounting professor, for advice. Dan tells Will that if the law is unclear, he should treat the deduction in the most advantageous manner. Accordingly, Will deducts the full amount of the item, rather than capitalizing and amortizing it over 5 years.

e. Sonja is a free-lance book editor. Most companies for which she works pay her by check. In working out the terms of a job, a new client agrees to pay her by giving her a new computer valued at $3,600. In preparing her tax return, Sonja notes that the client failed to report to the IRS the value of the computer as income for Sonja. Knowing that her chances of getting caught were small, Sonja does not include the $3,600 value of the computer in her gross income.