Question: Let (R, +, ) be a commutative ring, and let z denote the zero element of R. For a fixed element a R, define

Let (R, +, •) be a commutative ring, and let z denote the zero element of R. For a fixed element a ∈ R, define N(a) = [r ∈ R | ra = z}. Prove that N(a) is an ideal of R.

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