Market researchers often gather information by telephone, but calling only listed numbers may badly skew the responses, if listed and unlisted households are fundamentally different with respect to the question being asked. The following is the slightly modified summary of a survey done by Pacific Bell to see whether homeownership is related to telephone listing (142). At the α = 0.05 and α = 0.10 levels of significance, test whether those two €œconditions€ are independent.

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Listed Unlisted Own 628 Rent 172 146 54