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Social Statistics For A Diverse Society 7th Edition Chava Frankfort Nachmias, Anna Leon Guerrero - Solutions
In this exercise, we examine the rate of sexual violence against females reported by Michael Planty and his colleagues (2013). The table includes the rate of victimization per 1,000 females age 12 or older for three time periods.*Interpret with caution; estimate based on 10 or fewer sample cases,
In 2011 the Gallup Organization reported that for the first time a majority of Americans believe same-sex marriage should be legally recognized. In its report, data for different demographic groups and changes in their level of support were reported for 2010 and 2011. Review each demographic
In the following table, we present selected items from a demographic portrait of likely voting Americans days before the 2012 Presidential Election. (Either due to rounding or the omission of no response categories, not all row totals will equal 100%.a. For each of the variables, identify the level
We compare educational attainment between native born and foreign born in 2010. Native born refers to anyone born in the United States. The comparative table identifies four categories of education. Write a statement summarizing the difference between the two groups.
Using the data and your raw frequency tables from Exercise 1, construct a frequency distribution for class.a. Which is the smallest perceived class?b. Which two classes include the largest percentages of people?Race: W, white; N, nonwhite; Class: L, lower class; M, middle class; U, upper class; W,
Using the data from Exercise 1, construct a frequency distribution for trauma.a. What level of measurement is used for the trauma variable?b. Are people more likely to have experienced no traumas or only one trauma in the past year?c. What proportion has experienced one or more traumas in the past
Suppose you are using a sample from the 2010 GSS data for a research project on education in the United States. The GSS includes a question that asks for the number of years of education. Based on 775 individuals, the GSS reports the following frequency distribution for years of education:Years of
A question on whether immigrants were good for America was included in the GSS 2010. Results are provided in the table below, noting the percentage who agree or strongly agree by political party (not all responses are reported here so totals will not add up to 100%). Do these data support the
How many hours per week do you spend on e-mail? In 2010, the GSS included a question on number of hours spent on e-mail. Data are presented here for a sample of 99 men and women. E-mail hours per week Frequency 0 ..................................... 19 1 ..................................... 20 2
The tables below present the frequency distributions for education by gender and race based on the GSS 2010. Use them to answer the following questions.a. Construct tables based on percentages and cumulative percentages of educational attainment for race and gender.b. What percentage of males has
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2012) estimated the rate of new HIV infections for 2010. The rates are infections per 100,000 individuals and are reported separately for men and women by racial/ethnic group.Write a brief statement summarizing the difference in rates between men and
From the GSS2010, we report the number of children reported by subsample of male and female respondents.a. What is the level of measurement for number of children?b. What percentage of males and females had 3 children or more? Calculate the percentages for males and females separately.c. Calculate
You've decided to examine the differences in the age of male and female subjects in HINTS2012 data set. You examine AGEGRPA (age group of respondent). a. Construct a bar graph for AGEGRPA. b. Construct bar graphs separately for men and women (insert the variable GENDERC in the Panel by/Columns
Are individuals with higher educational attainment more likely to look for information about health or medical topics from any source? Construct separate pie charts for SeekHealthlnfo (does respondent look for information about health or medical topics?). You will need to select Pie under
Examine if there is a difference in responses between men and women in terms of their health condition (GeneralHealth) and their occupational status (OccupationStatus) and whether they have ever been diagnosed as having cancer (EverHadCancer). Based on the level of measurement for each variable,
The time-series chart shown in Figure 3.23 displays trends for presidential election voting rates by race and Hispanic origin 1996-2012. Analysts noted how for the first time in the 2012 Presidential election, black voting rates exceeded the rates for non-Hispanic whites. Overall votes cast were
The 2010 General Social Survey (GSS) data on educational level can be further broken down by race as follows:a. Construct two histograms for education, using percentages for whites (N = 584) and one for blacks (N = 118).b. Describe the differences in educational attainment by race.
Examine the bar chart representing the percentage of people speaking a language other than English at home as shown in Figure 3.25.a. Overall, which age group had the lowest percentage speaking a language other than English at home? Which age group had the highest?b. Describe the differences
Decide how to graphically present the GSS data on the number of children (by gender of respondent) from Chapter 2, Exercise 9.a. Would you choose to use bar charts or pie charts? Explain the reason for your answer.b. Construct your graph to represent all the data, including appropriate titles and
The National Center for Education Statistics summarized the 2010 median annual earnings of full-time, full-year wage and salary workers ages 25-34 (refer to Figure 3.26). Write a brief summary of the difference in earnings between educational attainment categories and by sex of the worker. Which
We selected a sample of people from the International Social Survey Program (ISSP) 2000. Raw data are presented for their sex (SEX), social class (CLASS), and number of household members (HOMPOP). CLASS is a subjective measure, with respondents indicating L = lower, W = working, M = middle, and U =
Using the data from Exercise 2, construct bar graphs showing percentage distributions for sex and class. Remember to include appropriate titles, percentages, and labels.
Suppose you want to compare the number of household members for women and men (based on the ISSP data in Exercise 2).a. Which group reported the largest family size? b. Why shouldn't you construct a grouped bar chart showing the frequencies rather than the percentages?
Is racism in the past? This question was posed to 2010 General Social Survey respondents. Responses for 171 whites and 40 blacks are presented below. Construct a chart or graph that best displays this information. (Data could be presently separately by racial groups.)
Data on educational attainment (percent of population by degree) for 2010 are presented separately for males and females.a. Construct a graph or chart that best displays this information.b. Explain why the graph you selected is appropriate.
Use the data on educational level in Chapter 2, Exercise 4, for this problem. Years of Education Frequency 0 ........................................ 2 2 ........................................ 2 3 ........................................ 1 4
Create a frequency distribution, including any appropriate measures of central tendency, for HOMOSEX. a. Which measure of central tendency, mean or median, is most appropriate to summarize the distribution of HOMOSEX? Explain why. b. Suppose we are interested in whether or not males and females
We are interested in investigating whether males and females have equal levels of education. Use the variable EDUC with the Frequencies procedure to produce frequency tables and the mean, the median, and the mode separately for males and females (as described in lb). a. On average, do men and women
Some people believe that social class influences the number of children that couples decide to have. Use SPSS to investigate this question with the GSS data file. (The variable CHILDS measures the respondents number of children.) To get the necessary information, have SPSS split the file by CLASS
Picking an appropriate statistic to describe the central tendency of a distribution is a critical skill. Based on the GSS10SSDS, determine the appropriate measure(s) of central tendency for the following variables: a. How often do respondents watch television? [TVHOURS] b. Respondents' political
The educational attainment of American Indians, Alaska Natives, and Hispanic American respondents was compared in A Closer Look 4.1. You can use SPSS to do similar comparisons with other variables. For example, it may be interesting to look at levels of marital satisfaction and compare the number
The following frequency distribution contains information about people's self-evaluations of their lives.a. Find the mode.b. Find the median.c. Interpret the mode and the median.d. Why would you not want to report the mean for this variable?
Exercise 3 used GSS data on the number of hours worked per week for a sample of 32 Latino adults.a. Calculate the mean number of hours worked per week.b. Compare the value of the mean with those you have already calculated for the median. Without constructing a histogram, describe whether and how
You listen to a debate between two politicians discussing the economic health of the United States. One politician says that the average income of all workers in the United States is $72,235; the other says that American workers make, on average, only $52,029, so Americans are not as well off as
Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of all three measures of central tendency. Are you confident that one of these three is the best measure of central tendency? If so, why?
Do male murder rates vary with country population? Investigate this question using the following data for selected countries grouped by population size, the top 10 countries and the bottom 10. Calculate the mean and median for each group of countries. Where is the murder rate for males the highest?
Many policymakers are interested in different measures of participation in the labor force. Use the information from the 2010 GSS to explore how labor force participation varies by sex (not all categories shown; some collapsed).Calculate the appropriate measures of central tendency for males and
Infant mortality rates are a key indicator of the quality of health care a country can provide for its citizens. The following table shows infant mortality rates for selected countries based on estimates reported by the Central Intelligence Agency World Factbook 2010.a. Calculate the mean and
Same-sex unions have increasingly become a heated political issue. The 2010 GSS asked respondents' opinions on homosexual relations. Four response categories ranged from "Always Wrong" to "Not Wrong at All." See the following frequency distribution:a. At what level is this variable measured? What
The following frequency distribution contains information on the number of hours worked last week for a sample of 32 Latino adults.a. What is the level of measurement, mode, and median for "hours worked last week"?b. Construct quartiles for weeks worked last year. What is the 25th percentile? The
Using data from the 2010 GSS, the following is the frequency distribution for respondent opinion of whether racism is no longer present in the United States:a. Calculate the median category for this variable.b. Also, report which category contains the 20th and 80lh percentiles.
Does health status vary with age? The following table, taken from the 2010 GSS, depicts the health status across various age groups (not all ages are displayed).a. Calculate the median and mode for each age group.b. Use this information to characterize whether health status varies by age. Does the
The number of Americans on Medicare is increasing as expected with the aging baby boomer population. The following table shows the number of Americans on Medicare in 2005 and 2009 for eight U.S. states. The numbers listed are in thousands.a. Calculate the mean number of Americans on Medicare in
U.S. households have become smaller over the years. The following table from the 2010 GSS contains information on the number of people currently aged 18 years or older living in a respondent's household. Calculate the mean number of people living in a U.S. household in 2010.Household Size
In Exercise 6, you calculated the mean number of Americans on Medicare. We now want to test whether the distribution of Americans on Medicare is symmetrical or skewed. a. Calculate the median and mode for each year, using all eight states. Based on these results and the means, how would you
In Exercise 7, you examined U.S. household size in 2010. Using these data, construct a histogram to represent the distribution of household size.a. From the appearance of the histogram, would you say the distribution is positively or negatively skewed? Why?b. Now calculate the median for the
Use the Frequencies procedure to investigate the variability of the respondent's current age (AGE) and age when the respondent's first child was born (AGEKDBRN). Click on Analyze, Descriptive Statistics, Frequencies, and then Statistics. Select the appropriate measures of variability. a. Which
Using the Explore procedure, separate the statistics for AGEKDBRN for men and women, selecting SEX as a factor variable in the Explore window. Click on Analyze, Descriptive Statistics, Explore, and then insert AGEKDBRN into the Dependent List and SEX in the Factor List. What differences exist in
Using GSS10SSDS, investigate respondents' confidence of the military (CONARMY) and the press (CONPRESS).a. First, use SPSS to identify the level of measurement for each variable.b. Based on the level of measurement for each variable, what would be the appropriate measures of central tendency? What
Use GSS10SSDS to study the number of hours that blacks and whites work each week. The variable HRS1 measures the number of hours a respondent worked the week before the interview. Use the Explore procedure to study the variability of hours worked, comparing blacks and whites (RACECEN 1) in the GSS
Americans often think of themselves as quite diverse in their political opinions, within the continuum of liberal to conservative. Let's use data from the 2010 GSS to investigate the diversity of political views. The percentage distribution shown displays respondents' self-rating of their political
You decide to use Monitoring the Future 2011 data to investigate how young Americans feel about alcohol (ATDRINK) and cigarette use (ATSMOKE). You obtain the data displayed below. You should note that ATDRINK measures how respondents feel about trying alcohol, while ATSMOKE measures how respondents
Average life expectancy for females in 2010-2011 is reported for 10 countries. Calculate the appropriate measures of central tendency and variability for both European countries and non-European countries. Is there more variability in life expectancy for European countries or non-European
You have been asked to prepare a brief statement about labor force participation rate for males and females (percentage of population age 15-64). Using statistics from the following table obtained from the GLOBAL 13SSDS data set, write a paragraph or two about labor force participation rates
Public participation in election processes is a key to democracy. Let's examine voter turnout in the 2010 November elections by educational level.a. Find the 20th and 80th percentile for the number of voters.b. Write a few sentences explaining why the results from (a) need to be cautiously
The following table summarizes the racial differences in education and the ideal number of children for Chinese Americans and Filipino Americans. Based on the means and standard deviations (in parentheses), what conclusions can be drawn about differences in the ideal number of children?
Using the information listed below, answer the following questions to get an idea about the educational attainment, by percentage, of GSS respondents in 2010.a Totals do not equal 100% due to rounding.a. What is the value of K?b. Calculate the sum of the squared percentages, or ΣPct2, for both
Public corruption continues to be a concern. Let's examine data from the U.S. Department of Justice to explore the variability in public corruption in the years 1990 and 2009. All the numbers below are of those convicted of public corruption.Number of Public Corruption Convictions by Yeara. What is
Your task is to construct a report regarding criminal offenses investigated by U.S. attorneys by offense and year using the following data from the U.S. Department of Justice. Your report should include the appropriate measures of central tendency, measures of variability, and a few sentences
The output below depicts data for projected elderly population change in Midwestern and Western states between 2008 and 2015 from Table 5.4.a. Compare the range for the western states to that of the Midwest. Which region had a greater range? b. Examine the IQR for each region. Which is greater? c.
Occupational prestige is a statistic developed by sociologists to measure the status of one's occupation. Occupational prestige is also a component of what sociologists call socioeconomic status, a composite measure of one's status in society. On average, people with more education tend to have
The U.S. Census Bureau collects information about divorce rates. The following table summarizes the divorce rate for 10 U.S. states in 2007. Use the table to answer the questions that follow.a. Calculate and interpret the range and the IQR. Which is a better measure of variability? Why?b. Calculate
The respondents of the 2007 HINTS reported their psychological distress on a scale between 0 and 24. In the table below, you will see separate data on two groups of respondents' distress scores: those who have ever been diagnosed as having cancer, and those who have not.a. Calculate the variance
You are interested in studying the variability of crimes committed (including violent and property crimes) and police expenditures in the eastern and Midwestern United States. The U.S. Census Bureau collected the following statistics on these two variables for 21 states in the East and Midwest in
The majority of variables that social scientists study are not normally distributed. This doesn't typically cause problems in analysis when the goal of a study is to calculate means and standard deviations-as long as sample sizes are greater than about 50. (This will be discussed in later
SPSS will calculate standard scores for any distribution. Examine the distribution of EDUC (years of school completed).a. Have SPSS calculate Z scores for EDUC. (See the SPSS Demonstration above if this is unclear.)b. What is the equivalent Z score for someone who has completed 18 years of
We discovered that 1,013 GSS respondents in 2010 watched television for an average of 3.01 hr/day, with a standard deviation of 2.65 hr. Answer the following questions assuming the distribution of the number of television hours is normal. a. What is the Z score for a person who watches more than 8
The number of hours people work each week varies widely for many reasons. Using the 2010 GSS, you find that the mean number of hours worked last week was 40.62, with a standard deviation of 15.26 hr, based on a sample size of 838. a. Assume that hours worked is approximately normally distributed in
The National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) has a public access database on each Division I sports team in the United States, which contains data on team-level Academic Progress Rates (APRs), eligibility rates, and retention rates. The mean APR of 359 men's basketball teams for the
According to the same NCAA data, the means and standard deviations of eligibility and retention rates (based on a 1,000-point scale) for the 2010-2011 academic year follow, along with the scores for two men's basketball teams, A and B. Assume that test scores are normally distributed.a. On which
What is the value of the mean score for any standard normal distribution? What is the value of the standard deviation for any standard normal distribution? Explain why this is true for any standard normal distribution.
You are asked to do a study of shelters for abused and battered women to determine the necessary capacity in your city to provide housing for most of these women. After recording data for a whole year, you find that the mean number of women in shelters each night is 250, with a standard deviation
a. What are the properties of the normal distribution? Why is it called "normal"? b. What is the meaning of a positive (+) Z score? What is the meaning of a negative (-) Z score?
If a particular distribution that you are studying is not normal, it may be difficult to determine the area under the curve of the distribution or to translate a raw score into a Z value. Is this statement true? Why or why not?
Let's assume that education is normally distributed. Using GSS data, we find the mean number of years of education is 13.47 with a standard deviation of 3.1. A total of 1,496 respondents were included in the survey. Use these numbers to answer the following questions. a. If you have 13.47 years of
A criminologist developed a test to measure recidivism, where low scores indicated a lower probability of repeating the undesirable behavior. The test is normed so that it has a mean of 140 and a standard deviation of 40. a. What is the percentile rank of a score of 172? b. What is the Z score for
The 2010 GSS provides the following statistics for the average years of education for lower-, working-, middle-, and upper-class respondents and their associated standard deviations.a. Assuming that years of education is normally distributed in the population, what proportion of working-class
The following table displays unemployment information for each region of the United States in March 2013. The unemployment numbers listed in the table are in thousands. For example, the Midwest was home to 2,525,600 unemployed residents when data were collected.a. What are the mean and standard
Information on the occupational prestige scores for blacks and whites are presented in the following table.a. What percentage of whites should have occupational prestige scores above 60? How many whites in the sample should have occupational prestige scores above 60?b. What percentage of blacks
SAT scores are normed so that, in any year, the mean of the verbal or math test should be 500 and the standard deviation 100. Assuming this is true (it is only approximately true, both because of variation from year to year and because scores have decreased since the SAT tests were first
The Hate Crime Statistics Act of 1990 requires the Attorney General to collect national data about crimes that manifest evidence of prejudice based on race, religion, sexual orientation, or ethnicity, including the crimes of murder and non-negligent manslaughter, forcible rape, aggravated assault,
Using GSS10SSDS, repeat the SPSS demonstration, selecting 25%, 50%, and 75% samples and requesting descriptives for MAEDUC and PAEDUC. Compare your descriptive statistics with descriptives for the entire sample. What can you say about the accuracy of your random samples?
Explain which of the following is a statistic and which is a parameter. a. The mean age of Americans from the 2010 decennial census b. The unemployment rate for the population of U.S. adults, estimated by the government from a large sample c. The percentage of Texans opposed to the health care
The mean family income in Wisconsin, according to the 2011 data, is about $77,531, with a standard deviation (for the population) of approximately $59,750. a. Imagine that you are taking a subsample of 200 state residents. What is the probability that your sample mean is between $71,000 and
A small population of N = 10 has values of 4, 7, 2, 11, 5, 3, 4, 6, 10, and 1. a. Calculate the mean and standard deviation for the population. b. Take 10 simple random samples of size 3, and calculate the mean for each. c. Calculate the mean and standard deviation of all these sample means. How
The following data summarize the 2009 external debt (in millions of dollars) for seven countries.a. Assume that σY = 93,500. Calculate the standard error and interpret. b. Write a report wherein you discuss the following: the standard error compared with the standard deviation of the
The mayor of your city has been talking about the need for a tax hike. The city's newspaper uses letters sent to the editor to judge public opinion about this possible hike, reporting on their results in an article. a. Do you think that these letters represent a random sample? Why or why not? b.
The following four common situation scenarios involve selecting a sample and understanding how a sample relates to a population. a. A friend interviews every 10th shopper who passes by her as she stands outside one entrance of a major department store in a shopping mall. What type of sample is she
An upper-level sociology class at a large urban university has 120 students, including 34 seniors, 57 juniors, 22 sophomores, and 7 freshmen. a. Imagine that you choose one random student from the classroom (perhaps by using a random number table). What is the probability that the student will be a
Can the standard error of a variable ever be larger than, or even equal in size to, the standard deviation for the same variable? Justify your answer by means of both a formula and a discussion of the relationship between these two concepts.
When taking a random sample from a very large population, how does the standard error of the mean change whena. The sample size is increased from 100 to 1,600?b. The sample size is decreased from 300 to 150?c. The sample size is multiplied by 4?
Many television news shows conduct "instant" polls by providing an 800 number and asking an interesting question of the day for viewers to call and answer. a. Is this poll a probability sample? Why or why not? b. Specify the population from which the sample of calls is drawn.
The following table shows the number of active military personnel in 2009, by region (including the District of Columbia).a. Calculate the mean and standard deviation for the population. b. Now take 10 samples of size 3 from the population. Use either simple random sampling or systematic sampling
You've been asked to determine the percentage of students who would support gay marriage. You want to take a random sample of fellow students to make the estimate. Explain whether each of the following scenarios describes a random sample. a. You ask all students eating lunch in the cafeteria on a
Recall that the GSS sample includes men and women from 18 to 89 years of age. Does it matter that we may have responses from men and women of diverse ages? Would our results change if we selected a younger sample of men and women?a. To take the SPSS demonstration one step further, use the Select
Calculate the 90% confidence interval for the following variables, comparing lower, working, middle, and upper classes (CLASS) in the GSS sample. First, tell SPSS that we want to select all cases in the sample by selecting Data, Select Cases, and then All Cases, and then OK. Then, use the Explore
In the 2011 National Crime Victimization Study, the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) found that 16.2% of Americans age 12 or older had been victims of crime during a 1-year period. This result was based on a sample of 143,120 persons.a. Estimate the percentage of U.S. adults who were victims
A sample of the 2011 MTF survey suggests that adolescents are divided in terms of their attitudes toward others trying marijuana at least once. In fact, 49.3% of the 1,202 respondents who answered the question reported that they don't disapprove of others trying marijuana at least once. Estimate at
According to a 2010 survey by the Pew Research Center, 61 % of adult Americans use social networking websites such as Twitter and Facebook. Interestingly, 21% of the 2,257 adults surveyed say that they used social network websites to access the 2010 midterm elections. What is the 95% confidence
According to a report published by the Pew Research Center in February 2010, 61% of Millennial (Americans in their teens and 20s) think that their generation has a unique and distinctive identity (N = 527). a. Calculate the 95% confidence interval to estimate the percentage of Millennial who
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