Most sports injuries are immediate and obvious, like a broken leg. However, some can be more subtle, like the neurological damage that may occur when soccer players repeatedly head a soccer ball. To examine long-term effects of repeated heading, Downs and Abwender (2002) examined two different age groups of soccer players and swimmers. The dependent variable was performance on a conceptual thinking task. Following are hypothetical data, similar to the research results.

a. Use a two-factor ANOVA with α = .05 to evaluate the main effects and interaction.

b. Calculate the effects size (2) for the main effects and the interaction.

c. Briefly describe the outcome of the study.

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Factor B: Age College Older n = 20 n = 20 M = 9 M = 4 T = 180 T = 80 Soccer SS = 390 SS = 380 %3D Factor A: Sport n = 20 n = 20 M = 9 M = 8 Swimming T = 180 T = 160 %3D SS = 400 SS = 350 ΣΧ6360