Prove each of the following results without using Venn diagrams or membership tables. (Assume a universe U.)

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Prove each of the following results without using Venn diagrams or membership tables. (Assume a universe °U.)
(a) If A ⊂ B and C ⊂ D, then A ∩ C ⊂ B ∩ D and A ∪ C ⊂ B ∪ D.
(b) A ⊂ B if and only if A ∩  = θ.
(c) A ⊂ B if and only if  ∪ B = °U.
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