RAD Technologies Inc. is considering a new just-in-time product cell. The present manufacturing approach produces a product in four separate steps. The production batch sizes are 50 units. The process time for each step is as follows:

Process Step 1 ......4 minutes

Process Step 2 ......7 minutes

Process Step 3 ......9 minutes

Process Step 4 ......5 minutes

The time required to move each batch between steps is 12 minutes. In addition, the time to move raw materials to Process Step 1 is also 12 minutes, and the time to move completed units from Process Step 4 to finished goods inventory is 12 minutes.

The new just-in-time layout will allow the company to reduce the batch sizes from 50 units to 3 units. The time required to move each batch between steps and the inventory locations will be reduced to 2 minutes. The processing time in each step will stay the same. Determine the value-added, non-value-added, total lead times, and the value-added ratio under the present and proposed production approaches. Round whole percentages to one decimal place.