"Strategizing for the future" is management lingo for sessions that help managers make better decisions. Managers who deliver the best stock performance get results by bold, rule-breaking strategies. To test the effectiveness of "strategizing for the future," companies' 5-year average stock performance was considered before, and after, consultant-led "strategizing for the future" sessions were held.

Before (%) After (%)

10 ...........12

12 .......... 16

8 ............ –2

–5 .......... 10

–1 .......... 11

5 .......... 18

–3 .......... –8

16 .......... 20

–2 .......... –1

13 .......... 21

17 .......... 24

Test the effectiveness of the program, using α = 0.05.