15.9 Students from two different statistics classes at UC Davis reported their sex (male, female) and recorded which class they were taking. One class is for liberal arts students, and the other is for non–liberal arts students. The results for the 173 students are given below. In each cell, the observed counts are printed first, with the expected counts below them.

Assume that these students are a representative sample of all UC Davis students who would take either class. (Raw data are in UCDavis1 dataset on the companion website.)

NonLib LibArt All Female 83 11 94 80.42 13.58 94.00 Male 65 14 79 67.58 11.42 79.00 All 148 25 173 148.00 25.00 173.00

a. State the null and alternative hypotheses that could be tested using these data. Make sure you specify the population to which they apply.

b. What are the degrees of freedom for the chi-square test statistic?

c. Compute the value of the chi-square test statistic.

d. Find the p-value or p-value range for the chi-square statistic found in part (c).

e. Make a conclusion and write it in the context of the situation.
Be sure to state the level of significance that you are using.