Mind On Statistics 5th Edition Jessica M Utts, Robert F Heckard - Solutions

Discover comprehensive solutions for "Mind On Statistics 5th Edition" by Jessica M. Utts and Robert F. Heckard. Access our online answers key and find detailed solutions in our solutions PDF, all designed to help you master solved problems. Explore questions and answers with our test bank and chapter solutions, offering step-by-step answers for better understanding. Utilize our instructor manual for expert guidance and enhance your learning with this textbook. Experience the ease of learning with our free download options, ensuring all solutions and explanations are at your fingertips.

17.42 The article for Study #3 reported that “[a]t the end of each calendar month, each woman in the study completed a food-frequency questionnaire covering the past month’s intake of common foods, including the frequency and serving size of regular and decaffeinated coffees, teas, and
17.41 Refer to the headline in Study #2 and to the statement “while 43.1% of men who walked less than one mile per day died, only half this figure—21.5%—of the men who walked more than two miles per day died.”a. What two categorical variables measured on each participant are used in making
17.40 The two main variables measured in Study #1 were the treatment given to the participant and the participant’s blood pressure.a. For each of the two variables, determine whether it was recorded as a categorical variable or a quantitative variable.If it was a categorical variable, specify the
17.39 The article for Study #3 also said: “The California researchers say they found no significant association between coffee intake and fertility, but ‘in later cycles ... there was a suggestion that both total caffeine and coffee were associated with a nonsignificant reduction in
17.38 Here are some additional quotes from the article for Study #2.Comment on each quote using issues covered in this chapter.a. “The investigators also report that ‘when the distance walked is increased by one mile per day ... the risk of death can be reduced by 19%.’”b. “Cancer was the
17.37 The article for Study #3 also noted: “The study results also show that the women who consumed the most tea ‘had significantly higher energy and fat intakes’ than women who drank less tea.”a. Do you think the word significantly in this quote refers to statistical significance? If not,
17.36 In Study #1, participants were also asked to fill out a food questionnaire. Another quote from the news article was:“Overall, diastolic blood pressure—the second of the two numbers given when blood pressure is measured—dropped about two points in the group given calcium supplements.But
17.35 Can the results of Study #3 be applied to a larger population?If so, to what population? If not, why not?
17.34 Can the results of Study #2 be applied to a larger population?If so, to what population? If not, why not?
17.33 Can the results of Study #1 be applied to a larger population?If so, to what population? If not, why not?
17.32 Give an example of a possible confounding variable for Study #3. Explain why you think it fits the definition of a confounding variable (see p. 193).
17.31 Do you think Study #3 was a randomized experiment or an observational study? Explain. Based on your answer, explain whether the headline is justified.
17.30 Give an example of a possible confounding variable for Study #2. Explain why you think it fits the definition of a confounding variable (see p. 193).
17.29 Do you think Study #2 was a randomized experiment or an observational study? Explain. Based on your answer, explain whether the headline is justified.
17.28 Do you think Study #1 was a randomized experiment or an observational study? Explain. Based on your answer, explain whether the headline is justified.
17.27 Read the headlines and description for Study #3.a. What are the explanatory and response variables for this study?b. Does the headline imply a cause-and-effect relationship?
17.26 Read the headlines and description for Study #2.a. What are the explanatory and response variables for this study?b. Does the headline imply a cause-and-effect relationship?
17.25 Read the headlines and description for Study #1.a. What are the explanatory and response variables for this study?b. Does the headline imply a cause-and-effect relationship?
17.24 In Chapter 3 (p. 95) four possible interpretations were given for an observed association between an explanatory variable and a response variable. One of the explanations was“The response variable is causing a change in the explanatory variable.” For each of the five headlines in this
17.23 Refer to the discussion of “Making Personal Decisions” in Section 17.3, and the headline on page 672 “‘Ecstasy’ May Cause Long-Term Changes in Brain Chemistry.” The study found that women who used Ecstasy regularly had lower levels of serotonin, which is related to the regulation
17.22 Refer to the discussion of “Making Personal Decisions” in Section 17.3, and the headline on page 672 “Study Finds Aspirin Reduces Risk of Melanoma in Women.” Suppose you were a fair-skinned woman with some history of melanoma in your family and want to use this study to decide whether
17.21 For the study on page 672 with the headline “Coffee Gives Jolt to Lifespan,” over 400,000 adults aged 50 to 71 were studied for 13 years as part of the NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study. They completed a questionnaire asking about 124 dietary items in addition to demographic and lifestyle
17.20 Each of the following headlines on page 672 suggests a cause and effect conclusion but was based on an observational study. In each case, explain how you know the study was observational rather than a randomized experiment, and then rewrite the headline to be more appropriate for an
17.19 Each of the following headlines on page 672 suggests a cause and effect conclusion but was based on an observational study. In each case, explain how you know the study was observational rather than a randomized experiment, and then rewrite the headline to be more appropriate for an
17.18 For each of the following headlines on page 672 identify the explanatory variable and the response variable, and suggest a possible confounding variable. Explain how the confounding variable you suggest meets the definition on page 193.a. “Breakfast Cereals Prevent Overweight in
17.17 For each of the following headlines on page 672 identify the explanatory variable and the response variable, and suggest a possible confounding variable. Explain how the confounding variable you suggest meets the definition on page 193.a. “Coffee Gives Jolt to Lifespan” (Note: The authors
17.16 Find a statistical study in the news that is of interest to you.Refer to the four reasons given in Section 17.2 for why statistical studies are popular and useful. Describe the study, and explain which one (or more) of the four reasons are relevant to it.
17.15 Refer to Example 17.5 (p. 678), which describes California’s antismoking measures and reduction in lung cancer. An article in The New England Journal of Medicine (Fichtenberg and Glantz, 2000) studied mortality from heart disease in California during the same period. The conclusion the
17.1, discuss the extent to which you think a cause-and-effect conclusion can be made about the relationship between the antismoking measures and reduction in lung cancer rates.
17.14 Example 17.5 (p. 678) describes California’s antismoking measures and subsequent reduction in lung cancer rates. Read the example and the material that follows it. Using the “nonstatistical considerations to assess cause and effect” given in Section
17.13 Find an example of a randomized experiment in the news and answer these questions about it:a. Explain why it fits the definition of a randomized experiment rather than an observational study.b. Describe an explanatory and response variable considered in the study.c. Using the variables in
17.12 Find an example of an observational study in the news and answer these questions about it:a. Explain why it fits the definition of an observational study rather than a randomized experiment.b. Describe an explanatory and response variable considered in the study.c. Using the variables in part
17.11 Refer to the headlines on page 672, in which observational studies were done, but the headlines implied cause-and- effect conclusions. Find an example of this phenomenon on a news website. State the headline, briefly explain how the study was done, and provide the web address in your answer.
17.10 Refer to the study published in 2010 by DeNoon, described in Example 17.3, in which teens at risk of psychosis were given either fish oil or a placebo.a. Can a cause-and-effect conclusion be made? Explain.b. Do you think the results can be extended to a population beyond the 81 teens included
17.9 Refer to Case Study 13.1 (p. 546), in which men were able to exercise longer in a warm room after ingesting an ice slushie than after ingesting fruit-flavored cold water.a. Can we conclude that ingesting the slushie was the cause of the increased stamina? Explain.b. Ten healthy males with an
17.8 Suppose that you have some food in your refrigerator that doesn’t seem to be spoiled, but the “use by” date on it is two weeks ago. You must decide whether to eat it or to throw it away.a. Create a table for this situation, similar to the ones shown in the examples of “making personal
17.7 Suppose that it is morning and you need to be outside for half an hour later in the day. Your favorite weather website says there is a 40% chance of rain, and you must decide whether to take an umbrella with you.a. Create a table for this situation, similar to the ones shown in the examples of
17.6 Explain what condition(s) need to be met to allow the results of a study to be extended to a larger population rather than simply applied to the sample data.
17.5 Explain what condition(s) need to be met in a study in order for a cause-and-effect conclusion to be made.
17.4 Elderly patients were randomly assigned to receive either acupuncture or massage to help reduce lower back pain. It was found that those who received massage reported less pain on the day following treatment than did those receiving acupuncture. Can we conclude that massage caused the pain to
17.3 A study of twins adopted and raised apart found that in situations for which one was raised by parents with college degrees and the other was not, there was an average 5-point difference in IQs, with the adopted child of the collegeeducated parents having the higher IQ. Can we conclude that
17.2 In each of the following cases, explain whether the results can be extended to a larger population. If so, explain what the population is. If not, explain why not.a. A poll following presidential debates in an election year was conducted by using random-digit dialing. When people answered the
17.1 In each of the following cases, explain whether the results can be extended to a larger population. If so, explain what the population is. If not, explain why not.a. A company measured the salaries of all of its employees and found that the average salary for men was 10%higher than the average
16.59 Use the dataset Student0405 on the companion website, which contains data that were gathered in surveys of statistics classes at a large university in the United States during 2004 and 2005. Sex is sex of the respondent, and Seat gives responses to the question, “Where do you prefer to sit
16.58 Use the GSS-02 dataset on the companion website. The variable degree gives the highest educational degree achieved (there are five categories) for respondents in the 2002 General Social Survey, sex is the sex of the respondent, and tvhours gives responses for hours of watching television in a
16.57 Use the GSS-02 dataset on the companion website. The variable degree gives the highest educational degree achieved(five categories) for respondents in the 2002 General Social Survey, and tvhours gives responses for hours of watching television in a typical day.a. Find mean and median weekly
16.56 Refer to Exercise 16.55. Compare study hours for the three religious importance groups using either a Mood’s median test or a Kruskal-Wallis test. Give the output as part of your answer, and state a clear conclusion in the context of this situation.
16.55 Use the dataset Student0405 on the companion website, which contains data that were gathered in surveys of statistics classes at a large university in the United States during 2004 and 2005. The variable StudyHrs gives student estimates of how many hours they typically study in a week.The
16.54 Use the dataset Student0405 on the companion website, which contains data that were gathered in surveys of statistics classes at a large university in the United States during 2004 and 2005. The variable MissClass gives student estimates of how many classes they typically miss in a week. The
16.53 Use the dataset wineratings on the companion website.The variable Aroma gives ratings of aroma for 38 samples of Pinot Noir wine made in three different wine-producing regions. The variable Region gives the region (1, 2, or 3) for a sample.a. Determine and compare sample mean aroma ratings
16.52 Use the dataset wineratings on the companion website.The variable Quality gives ratings of overall quality for 38 samples of Pinot Noir wine made in three different wineproducing regions. The variable Region gives the region(1, 2, or 3).a. Create a comparative boxplot to compare overall
16.51 Refer to Example 16.6 on page 642, in which Tukey and Fisher confidence intervals are given for comparing population mean GPAs for students who typically sit in the front, middle and back of a classroom.a. What is the Tukey confidence interval for the difference in means (mFront 2 mBack)?b.
16.50 Refer to the example given on page 654 about comparing time to finish an open-book exam and a closed-book exam.a. Use the means given for the four groups to draw an interaction plot. See Figures 16.14 and 16.15 for guidance.b. Explain why the figure you drew in part (a) indicates that there
16.49 Refer to Exercise 16.48. Use formulas in Section 16.2 to compute SS Error, MSE, and the pooled standard deviation, sp.
16.48 At a private university in southern California, 334 freshman(197 males and 137 females) reported their frequency of drinking alcoholic beverages and also completed a test of personality and psychological characteristics (Ichimaya and Kruse, 1998). One response variable was the score on a
16.47 Refer to Exercise 16.18 about finger tapping and amount of caffeine consumed. Note that caffeine amount is a quantity, so it could be analyzed as a quantitative variable. What statistical technique other than one-way analysis of variance could be used to analyze the relationship between taps
16.46 Refer to Example 16.9 (p. 647) about the top speeds of supercars.The output below shows Fisher’s procedure for pairwise comparisons of the supercars, with a 95% confidence level for each individual confidence interval. Interpret the output. Specifically, use the output to describe the
16.45 Refer to Exercises 16.43 and 16.44. The investigators reported results separately for boys and girls in the five television-watching groups. In this two-way classification, the approximate observed mean violent behaviors scores were as follows:Hours of Daily Television Watching*1 1–2 3–4
16.44 Refer to Exercise 16.43.a. On the basis of the information given, which of the necessary conditions for doing a one-way analysis of variance appear to be satisfied? What is the evidence of this?b. For children who watch television less than 1 hour per day, use the Empirical Rule (see Section
16.43 A sample of students in grades 3 to 8 in 11 public schools in Ohio were asked how often they engage in violent behaviors and how often they watch television (Singer et al., 1998). A violent behaviors score was calculated by adding frequency scores (0 5 never, 3 5 almost every day) for five
16.42 Give an example not already given anywhere in this chapter in which one-way analysis of variance could be used to make a comparison of means. Be specific about what the response variable of interest is and what groups are compared.
16.41 Refer to Figure 16.1 (p. 637) for Example 16.1 about GPA by classroom seat location. Explain why the 95% confidence intervals for the mean GPA in the three seat locations have unequal widths.
16.40 Students in a statistics class gave information on their height and weight and also reported their perception of their weight (about right, underweight, overweight). The mean body mass index (BMI) is shown in the following table, along with sample size, for each combination of sex (female or
16.39 Ryan and Joiner (2001) give data collected in an experiment to examine the effects of storage temperature on the rot that occurs in stored potatoes. Potatoes were injected with bacteria known to cause potato rot, and three different bacteria amounts (low, medium, and high) were used. For each
16.38 Give an example not given in this chapter in which two-way analysis of variance would be used to make a comparison of means. Be specific about what the response variable of interest is, what the explanatory variables are, and what specific levels or categories of the explanatory variables are
16.37 In Example 16.1 about mean GPA and typical classroom seat location, the finding was that there were differences among the mean grade point averages for the three locations.Suppose that the sex of the students is also considered along with the seat location.a. What would be indicated about the
16.36 The figure for this exercise shows how mean hours slept the previous night is related to the respondent’s sex and preferred classroom seat location for a sample of n 5 173 college students (Data source: UCDavis1 dataset on the companion website).Front Seat location Middle Mean hours of
16.35 Exercise 16.27 described a survey in which college students were asked to rate various types of music on a 1 to 6 scale on which 1 5 don’t like and 6 5 like a lot. The figure for this exercise is an interaction plot showing how the mean rating of rock music relates to type of hometown and
16.34 Explain whether the following statement is an example of a main effect or an interaction: The mean number of classes missed per week was significantly lower for students wh think religion is very important than it was for students who think religion is either fairly or not very important.
16.33 For each scenario, explain whether an interaction is described or not. If there is an interaction, what are the two variables that interact?a. For women, there was no difference between the mean hours spent studying per week for members and nonmembers of Greek organizations. For men, there
16.32 The following table shows mean age for participants in the 2008 General Social Survey classified by sex of participant and whether a participant had either a high school or a bachelor’s degree (Data source: GSS-08 dataset on the website for this book).Degree Sex High School Bachelors Women
16.31 Refer to Exercise 16.13 about women’s testosterone levels.Results are shown in the accompanying output for a Kruskal-Wallis test done to compare the testosterone levels of the three groups of women.Group N Median Ave Rank Z Adv Degr 24 3.400 30.1 3.46 No Adv D 11 2.200 17.6 21.67 Not Empl
16.30 Refer to Exercise 16.29. The p-value is given as P 5 0.000, and the value of the chi-square statistic is given as Chi-Square 5 15.05. Explain the connection between the p-value and the chi-square statistic. (A picture may help.)
16.29 A sample of n 5 235 college students was asked, “Consider how important a person’s personality and looks (attractiveness)are to you. Rate this importance on a scale of 1 (personality is most important) to 25 (looks are most important).” Minitab results for a Mood’s median test that
16.28 In the survey that was described in Exercise 16.27, students also were asked how many times they pray per week and what they felt was the importance of religion in their life(very important, fairly important, or not very). Descriptive statistics comparing number of times praying per week for
16.27 A sample of n 5 729 college students is asked to rate how much they like various types of music on a scale of 1 to 6 on which 1 5 don’t like at all and 6 5 like a lot. The students also were asked whether their hometown was a big city, rural, a small town, or suburban. Results for a
16.26 Refer to Exercise 16.4 about hours of watching television in a typical day and the highest educational degree attained for respondents in the 2008 General Social Survey. Minitab output for a Mood’s median test of the same data follows.Mood median test for tvhours Chi-Square 5 77.86 DF 5 4 P
16.25 Refer to Exercise 16.22, about comparing soil treatments.Use the information given or determined in that exercise to write out a completed analysis of variance table.Section 16.3 Skillbuilder Exercises
16.24 Suppose that three drugs used to reduce systolic blood pressure are compared in a randomized experiment in which four people use each drug for a month. The data for the reductions in systolic blood pressure for the N 5 12 participants follow.Drug 1 Drug 2 Drug 3 7 8 16 2 12 9 5 0 5 6 4 10a.
16.23 Suppose that three drugs used to reduce cholesterol are compared in a randomized experiment in which three people use each drug for a month. The data for the reductions in cholesterol level for the N 5 9 participants follow.Drug 1 Drug 2 Drug 3 6 10 9 4 14 12 2 9 6a. Calculate the overall
16.22 Suppose that four soil treatments that might be useful for improving the yield of alfalfa grown in fields are compared in an experiment. Each treatment is used in six fields, and the response variable is the crop yield per acre. Suppose further that SS Groups 5 150 and SS Error 5 200.a. Write
16.21 Refer to Exercises 16.11 and 16.12 about testing the flammability of children’s sleepwear. Assuming that the equal standard deviations assumption is valid, calculate 95% confidence intervals for each of m1, m2, m3, m4, and m5. The output for Exercise 16.12 shows the sample means and the
16.20 Refer to Exercise 16.8 about the ideal number of children for a couple to have. Assuming that the equal standard deviations assumption is valid, calculate 95% confidence intervals for each of m1, m2, m3, and m4. The output for Exercise 16.8 shows the sample means and the pooled standard
16.19 Refer to Exercise 16.18 about finger tapping and caffeine amount. Here is a partial analysis of variance table for the problem with some elements intentionally omitted:Source df SS MS F p Caffeine — 61.40 — — .006 Error — — —Total 29 195.50a. Write out the completed analysis of
16.18 Thirty male college students were randomly divided into three groups of 10, and the groups received different doses of caffeine (0, 100, and 200 mg). Two hours after consuming the caffeine, each participant tapped a finger as rapidly as possible, and the number of taps per minute was
16.17 Suppose that SS Groups 5 0 in an analysis of variance. What would this indicate about the sample means?General Section Exercises
16.16 Refer to Exercises 16.5 and 16.10 about female student height and preferred classroom seating location. Sample sizes, means, and standard deviations by seating location follow.Location N Mean Std. Dev.Front 38 63.86 2.09 Middle 93 64.80 2.80 Back 22 66.55 2.76 All 153 64.81a. Show
16.15 Give a value for each of the missing elements in the following analysis of variance table.Source df SS MS F Between groups 5 40 — —Error 10 60 —Total — —
16.14 Give a value for each of the missing elements in the following analysis of variance table.Source df SS MS F Between groups 2 10 — —Error — — —Total 30 300
16.13 Koopmans (1987, p. 93) gave data on the testosterone levels(measured as milligrams per 100 milliliters of blood samples) of 46 women classified into three occupational groups: (1) not employed, (2) employed in job not requiring an advanced degree, and (3) employed in job requiring advanced
16.12 Refer to Exercise 16.11 about testing the flammability of children’s sleepwear. Output for a one-way analysis of variance of the data is the following:Analysis of Variance for Charlng Source DF SS MS F P Lab 4 2.987 0.747 4.53 0.003 Error 50 8.233 0.165 Total 54 11.219 Individual 95% CIs
16.11 To evaluate a standard test of the flammability of fabric for children’s sleepwear, the American Society for Testing Materials had five laboratories each test 11 pieces of the same type of fabric. The response variable is the length of the char mark made when the fabric sample is held over
16.10 Refer to Exercise 16.5 about female height and preferred classroom seating location. The following output from Minitab gives confidence intervals for all pairwise comparisons of seating locations. A Tukey procedure with 95% family confidence level was used.Tukey 95% Simultaneous Confidence
16.9 Refer to Exercise 16.8 about the ideal number of children for a couple to have. The following output is for a Tukey procedure done to examine all pairwise comparisons of the four age groups. A 95% family confidence level was used.Tukey 95% Simultaneous Confidence Intervals All Pairwise
16.8 In the 2002 General Social Survey, a randomly selected sample of U.S. adults was asked what they think is the ideal number of children for a couple to have. The output for this exercise is a one-way analysis of variance that compares the mean response in four age groups: 18–29, 30–44,
16.7 In each situation, use Table A.4 to find a critical value and then state a conclusion for an F-test of the null hypothesis of equal population means:a. F-statistic 5 6.27 with 2 and 12 degrees of freedom; a 5 .05.b. F-statistic 5 1.63 with 5 and 70 degrees of freedom;a 5 .05.General Section
16.6 In each situation, use Table A.4 to find a critical value and then state a conclusion for an F-test of the null hypothesis of equal population means:a. F-statistic 5 3.27 with 3 and 20 degrees of freedom;a 5 .05.b. F-statistic 5 3.27 with 3 and 20 degrees of freedom;a 5 .01.
16.5 For n 5 153 female students in the UCDavis2 dataset on the companion website, mean height (inches) by student’s preferred seat location in a classroom is shown in the table below.Location Mean Front (n 5 38) 63.86 Middle (n 5 93) 64.80 Back (n 5 22) 66.55a. The p-value is .001 for an F-test
16.4 The output for this exercise is an analysis of variance comparing hours spent watching television in a typical day for five categories of highest educational degree attained for n 5 1317 respondents in the 2008 General Social Survey.Educational degree groups are graduate, bachelor’s, junior
16.3 Researchers studying the connection between body mass index and age report the following finding: “The p-value was.003 for a one-way analysis of variance done to compare body mass index values for the three age groups.”a. What null hypothesis did the researchers test? Write the null

Showing 1 - 100 of 2302

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
Last

Mind On Statistics 5th Edition Jessica M Utts, Robert F Heckard - Solutions

Step by Step Answers