The following table gives the total world emissions of CO₂ from fossil fuels, in billions of tons per year.

(a) Use this data to estimate the total world CO₂ emissions between 1983 and 2013 using a left sum with n = 6.

(b) Is your answer in part (a) an upper or lower estimate? How can you tell?

(c) Use this data to estimate the total world CO₂ emissions between 1983 and 2013 using a right sum with n = 3.

(d) Is your answer in part (c) an upper or lower estimate? How can you tell?

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1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008 2013 22.4 24.1 27.0 32.0 35.8 Year CO₂ (bn ton/yr) 18.6 21.8