In your audit of Aviary Industries for calendar year 2020 you found a number of matters that you believe represent possible adjustments to the company’s books. These matters are described below. Management’s attitude is that “once the books are closed, they’re closed,” and management does not want to make any adjustments. Planning materiality for the audit was $100 000, determined by computing 5 percent of expected income before taxes. Actual income before taxes on the financial statements prior to any adjustments is $1 652 867. Possible adjustments:

1. Several credit memos that were processed and recorded after year-end relate to sales and accounts receivable for 2018. These total $26 451.

2. Inventory cutoff tests indicate that $25 673 of inventory received on December 30, 2020, was recorded as purchases and accounts payable in 2021. These items were included in the inventory count at year-end and therefore were included in ending inventory.

3. Inventory cutoff tests indicate several sales invoices recorded in 2020 for goods that were shipped in early 2021. The goods were included in inventory even though they were set aside in a separate area. The total amount of these shipments was $41 814.

4. The company wrote several cheques at the end of 2020 for accounts payable that were held and not mailed until January 15, 2021. These totalled $43 671. Recorded cash and accounts payable at December 31, 2020, are $2 356 553 and $2 666 290, respectively.

5. The company has not established a reserve for obsolescence of inventories. Your tests indicate that such a reserve is appropriate in an amount somewhere between $15 000 and $30 000.

6. Your review of the allowance for uncollectible accounts indicates that it may be understated by between $35 000 and $55 000.

REQUIRED

a. Determine the adjustments that you believe must be made for Aviary’s financial statements to be fairly presented. Include the amounts and accounts affected by each adjustment.

b. Why may Aviary Industries’ management resist making these adjustments?

c. Explain what you consider the most positive way of approaching management personnel to convince them to make your proposed changes.

d. Describe your responsibilities related to unadjusted misstatements that management has determined are immaterial individually and in the aggregate.