Can we conclude that the old ratings have a direct causal effect on the new ratings? Explain

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Can we conclude that the old ratings have a direct causal effect on the new ratings? Explain briefly.

For Exercises 1–3, refer to the combined city–highway fuel economy ratings (mi/gal) for different cars. The old ratings are based on tests used before 2008 and the new ratings are based on tests that went into effect in 2008.

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Statistical Reasoning For Everyday Life

ISBN: 9780321904645

4th International Edition

Authors: Jeffrey Bennett, William L. Briggs, Mario F. Triola

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