Questions and Answers of Elementary Statistics In Social Research

Breeds of horses participating in a horse race. Determine whether the data are qualitative or quantitative. Explain your reasoning.
American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII) codes.Determine whether the data are qualitative or quantitative. Explain your reasoning.
Blood pressure levels of athletes participating in a race.Determine whether the data are qualitative or quantitative. Explain your reasoning.
Speeds of bullet trains.Determine whether the data are qualitative or quantitative. Explain your reasoning.
Colors of fabrics at a clothing store.Determine whether the data are qualitative or quantitative. Explain your reasoning.
Widths of veins in different species of leaves.Determine whether the data are qualitative or quantitative. Explain your reasoning.
Weights of bricks at a construction site.Determine whether the data are qualitative or quantitative. Explain your reasoning.
Marital statuses mentioned in an employment form.Determine whether the data are qualitative or quantitative. Explain your reasoning.
The ranks that China secured at the Summer Olympics in different years are listed.Determine the level of measurement of the data set. Explain your reasoning. 42 11 4 4 3 1 2 3
The top ten business schools in the United States for a recent year according to Forbes are listed.1. Stanford2. Harvard3. Northwestern (Kellogg)4. Columbia5. Dartmouth (Tuck) 6. Chicago (Booth)7.
The flight numbers of 21 departing flights from Chicago O’Hare International Airport on an afternoon in October of 2016 are Determine the level of measurement of the data set. Explain your
The times of the day when a multiplex shows a popular movie are listed:Determine the level of measurement of the data set. Explain your reasoning. 9:00 A.M. 9:10 A.M. 9:25 A.M. 9:40 A.M. 10:35 A.M.
The number of pages per chapter of a novel are listed.Determine the level of measurement of the data set. Explain your reasoning. 45 50 50 52 61 39 41 52 55 43 28 36 44 48 39
The items below appear on a school’s admission form. Determine the level of measurement of the data for each category.(a) Gender(b) Previous grade level completed(c) Religion(d) Month of birth
The items below appear on a movie rating website. Determine the level of measurement of the data for each category.(a) Year of release(b) Number of awards won(c) Genre(d) Star ratingDetermine whether
The number of washing machines produced at six different manufacturing plants of a multinational company are listed.Determine whether the data are qualitative or quantitative, and determine the level
Olympics The number of gold, silver, and bronze medals awarded at the 2008 Olympic Games are listed.301 302 349Determine whether the data are qualitative or quantitative, and determine the level of
Chess The list of the top 10 chess players in the world released in March 2018 is given.1. Carlsen2. Mamedyarov3. Kramnik4. So5. Aronion6. Vachier-Lagrave7. Nakamura8. Caruana9. Giri10.
For more than 50 years, The Harris Poll has conducted surveys using a representative sample of people in the United States. The surveys have been used to represent the opinions of people in the
Determine whether each study is an observational study or an experiment.1. Researchers study the effect of vitamin D3 supplementation among patients with antibody deficiency or frequent respiratory
A company wants to test the effectiveness of a new gum developed to help people quit smoking. Identify a potential problem with each experimental design and suggest a way to improve it.1. The company
There are 731 students currently enrolled in a statistics course at your school.You wish to form a sample of eight students to answer some survey questions.Select the students who will belong to the
You are doing a study to determine the opinions of students at your school regarding stem cell research. Identify the sampling technique you are using when you select the samples listed. Discuss
A researcher wants to study the effects of dieting on obesity. Eighteen people volunteer for the experiment: Lewis, Alice, Raj, William, Edwin, Mercer, Edgar, Bill, Zoya, Kate, Lara, Bertha, Dennis,
Participants of an experiment are numbered from 1 to 80. The participants are to be randomly assigned to two different groups. Use a random number generator different from the one you used in
After an election, a constituency is divided into 50 equal areas. Twelve of the areas are selected, and every occupied household in the area is interviewed to help focus political efforts on what
A sample executive is chosen from each department of an organization for a survey.Identify the sampling technique used, and discuss potential sources of bias (if any). Explain.
From visits made to randomly generated house numbers, 1638 residents are asked if they own a vehicle or not.Identify the sampling technique used, and discuss potential sources of bias (if any).
Every sixth customer entering an ice cream parlor is asked to name his or her favorite flavor of ice cream.Identify the sampling technique used, and discuss potential sources of bias (if any).
The most popular model of mobile phone among 4,00,000 mobile phone purchasers Determine whether you would take a census or use a sampling. If you would use a sampling, determine which sampling
The average height of the 264 students of a high school.Determine whether you would take a census or use a sampling. If you would use a sampling, determine which sampling technique you would use.
How much water do you drink on an average day?Determine whether the survey question is biased. If the question is biased, suggest a better wording.
Why does listening to music while studying increase the chances of retention?Determine whether the survey question is biased. If the question is biased, suggest a better wording.
What do you think about the battery backup of the mobile phone?Determine whether the survey question is biased. If the question is biased, suggest a better wording.
Forty-two professors in Pennsylvania were surveyed concerning their opinions of the current education policy of the state.Identify the population and the sample. Describe the sample data set.
In a recent study of physics majors at a university, 12 students were minoring in math.Determine whether the number describes a population parameter or a sample statistic. Explain your reasoning.
Which part of the survey described in Exercise 3 represents the descriptive branch of statistics? Make an inference based on the results of the survey.Determine whether the number describes a
The ages of a sample of 430 employees of a software company Determine whether the data are qualitative or quantitative.Explain your reasoning.
The IQ levels of the students of a secondary school Determine whether the data are qualitative or quantitative.Explain your reasoning.
The genders of a sample of 1,000 students of a university Determine whether the data are qualitative or quantitative.Explain your reasoning.
The income groups for a sample of city residents are listed.Determine the level of measurement of the data set. Explain. Low Middle High
A professor asks 20 students to participate in a student reaction survey.Identify the sampling technique used, and discuss potential sources of bias (if any). Explain.
A researcher surveys every tenth house for average family incomes.Identify the sampling technique used, and discuss potential sources of bias (if any). Explain.
Fifty voters are randomly selected from each religious group in a state and surveyed about their preferred political party.Identify the sampling technique used, and discuss potential sources of bias
A government official surveys 150 students of a school in Shanghai to study the eating habits of school-going children in the city.Identify the sampling technique used, and discuss potential sources
Use the seventh row of Table 1 in Appendix B to generate 6 random numbers between 1 and 600.Identify the sampling technique used, and discuss potential sources of bias (if any). Explain.Table 1 in
A study of the dietary habits of 359,264 Korean adolescents was conducted to find a link between dietary habits and school performance. Identify the population and the sample in the study.
Determine whether each number describes a population parameter or a sample statistic. Explain your reasoning.(a) A survey of 1000 U.S. adults found that 52% think that the introduction of driverless
Determine whether the data are qualitative or quantitative. Explain.(a) A list of debit card personal identification numbers(b) The final scores on a video game
Determine the level of measurement of the data set. Explain your reasoning.(a) A list of badge numbers of police officers at a precinct(b) The horsepowers of racing car engines(c) The top 10 grossing
Determine whether the study is an observational study or an experiment. Explain.(a) Researchers conduct a study to determine whether body mass index (BMI) influences mortality. To conduct the study,
An experiment is performed to test the effects of a new drug on high blood pressure. The experimenter identifies 320 people ages 35–50 years old with high blood pressure for participation in the
Identify the sampling technique used in each study. Explain your reasoning.(a) A journalist asks people at a campground about air pollution.(b) For quality assurance, every tenth machine part is
Which technique used in Exercise 7 could lead to a biased study? Explain.Data from Exercises 7Identify the sampling technique used in each study. Explain your reasoning.A journalist asks people at a
A survey of 95 shopkeepers in a commercial complex with 550 shopkeepers.Determine whether the data set is a population or a sample. Explain your reasoning.
The height of each athlete participating in the Summer Olympics.Determine whether the data set is a population or a sample. Explain your reasoning.
The value of purchase by every sixth person entering a departmental store.Determine whether the data set is a population or a sample. Explain your reasoning.
The number of children in 25 households out of 75 households in a neighborhood.Determine whether the data set is a population or a sample. Explain your reasoning.
The ages at which all the presidents of a country were elected.Determine whether the data set is a population or a sample. Explain your reasoning.
The incomes of the top 10 taxpayers of a country.Determine whether the data set is a population or a sample. Explain your reasoning.
A survey of 1500 employees worldwide found that 62% of the respondents working in a foreign country settle there.Identify the population and the sample. Describe the sample data set.
A survey of 328 children in a city in Belgium found that 86% planned to visit their grandparents during the summer vacation.Identify the population and the sample. Describe the sample data set.
Of the 112.5 million blood donations collected globally, approximately 50% are collected from high-income countries.Identify the population and the sample. Describe the sample data set.
A survey of 1468 laptop users found that 81% preferred the use of mouse over touchpad.Identify the population and the sample. Describe the sample data set.
To gather information about the best mutual funds listed on a recognized stock exchange website, a researcher collects data about 134 of the 1000 mutual funds.Identify the population and the sample.
Forty out of a high school’s 500 students who took the midterm examination received a C grade.Determine whether the number describes a population parameter or a sample statistic. Explain your
Out of the 40 million casualties in the UK during World War II, two million were reported to be civilians.Determine whether the number describes a population parameter or a sample statistic. Explain
Employee records show that all the employees in an organization have received substantial increments over their joining salaries.Determine whether the number describes a population parameter or a
In a survey of 650 teachers, 16% reported that there have been instances of bullying in their class.Determine whether the number describes a population parameter or a sample statistic. Explain your
In a survey, 834 employees in the United States were asked whether they thought their jobs were highly stressful. Of the 834 respondents, 517 said yes. Identify the population and the sample.
Determine whether each number describes a population parameter or a sample statistic. Explain your reasoning.1. A survey of several hundred collegiate student-athletes in the United States found
For each study, identify the population and the sample. Then determine which part of the study represents the descriptive branch of statistics. What conclusions might be drawn from the study using
The table shows sports-related head injuries treated in U.S. emergency rooms during a recent five-year span for several sports. Which data are qualitative data and which are quantitative data?
For each data set, determine whether the data are at the nominal level or at the ordinal level. Explain your reasoning. 1. 2. Top five U.S. occupations with the most job growth (projected 2024) Movie
Two data sets are shown at the left. Which data set consists of data at the interval level? Which data set consists of data at the ratio level? Explain your reasoning. New York Yankees' World Series
Verify that the log-likelihood of model (7.7) is $\sum_{i=1}^{k}\left[n_{i} \lambda-\exp (\lambda)\right]$.(a) Compute MLE of $\lambda$.(b) Compute the Pearson chi-square statistic and compare it
Use the technique discussed in Section9.4 to develop a GEE approach for zeroinflated Poisson model for count responses in longitudinal studies.Section9.4: 9.4 Marginal Models for Longitudinal Data
For Problem 6.8,(a) Fit the corresponding negative binomial model with the same linear predictor.(b) Compare the analysis between part (a) and that from Problem 6.8. 6.8 For the Sexual Health pilot
Estimate the overall odds ratio of the set of tables in Problem3.6 and test whether the odds ratios are the same across the tables.Problem3.6 is: 3.6 Use the DOS data to test whether there is gender
Suppose $\mathbf{x} \sim M N(n, \boldsymbol{\pi})$ follows a multinomial distribution of size $n$ and probability $\pi$. Derive the variance matrix of $\mathbf{x}$.
Follow the steps below to prove the LLN without using CLT.(a) Let $X$ be a random variable with mean $\mu$ and variance $\sigma^{2}$. Then for any real number \(\alpha>0,
(a) The longitudinal data set "v4c" is in the vertical format; transform it into the horizontal format.(b) Transform the data set you obtained in part (a) back into the vertical format.
Plot the mean/SD of HIV knowledge of adolescent girls at baseline and three months post treatment stratified by treatment for the Sexual Health study.
Perform some exploratory analysis on the DTS study described above.(a) Compute the mean and standard deviation of the HamD scores for the two treatment groups at each time point.(b) Treat repeated
For the DTS study, use subjects with all five assessments in HamD scores in the CAU group for this question. The intraclass correlation coefficient among the repeated measures in Ham-D scores can be
Suppose $x \sim N\left(0, u^{2}\right), y \sim N\left(0, \sigma^{2}\right)$, and $x$ is independent of $y$. Given $x+y=1$, find the MLE for $x$.
In this question we develop a regression model to assess the treatment effect for stigma in the DTS study, controlling for demographics and baseline measurements. We will use the cumulative logit
Generalize the model considered in Example 4.11 to a marginal model for the longitudinal DOS data and compare the findings with that in Example4.11 Example 4.11 For the models in Example 4.8 DOS,
Prove (9.31) . = BE (GS;S; G) BT, B = (B), B-T (9.31)
Show that $\mathbf{x}_{i} \perp y_{i t} \mid \mathbf{x}_{i t}$ and $E\left(y_{i t} \mid \mathbf{x}_{i t}\right)=\mu_{i t}$ imply the FCCM.
Consider the GLMM in (9.11) with a logit link. Show that(a) \(E\left(y_{i t} \mid \mathbf{x}_{i t}, \mathbf{z}_{i t}\right) \approx \Phi\left(\frac{\mathbf{x}_{i t}^{\top}
Consider the GLMM in (9.11), with a log link. Show that(a) \(E\left(y_{i t} \mid \mathbf{x}_{i t}, \mathbf{z}_{i t}\right)=E\left[\left.\exp \left(\frac{1}{2} \mathbf{z}_{i t}^{\top} \Sigma_{b}
Construct a generalized linear mixed-effects model for the longitudinal DOS data with the fixed-effects component similar to that in Problem9.12 and a random intercept and assess the model
Construct a generalized linear mixed-effects model for the Sexual Health study data with the fixed-effects component similar to that in Example9.7 and random slopes of the time effect and assess the
Assess the models in Problems 9.12 and 9.14Problem 9.12 is:and Problem 9.14 is:. 9.12 Generalize the model considered in Example 4.11 to a marginal model for the longi- tudinal DOS data and compare
Use the longitudinal Catheter Self Management Study data for this question ("intake.csv" contains demographic and baseline information, and "catheter.csv" contains follow-up measurements). We model
In this question, we change the response in Problem9.23 to a three-level response by grouping the counts of UTIs into three levels, 0,1 , and $\geq 2$. Fit the following models and test whether
Show that for a binary diagnostic test, $\mathrm{AUC}=\frac{1}{2}$ (sensitivity + specificity).
Show that the ROC curve is invariant under monotone transformation of the test variable.
Verify (10.1) and (10.2). Se(c) = 1- $ (c-a) = and Sp(c) (c), cR, (10.1)

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