For the 2015 Intel Science Fair, two brothers in high school recruited 47 of their classmates to take part in a two-stage study. Participants had to read two different passages and then answer questions on them, and each person’s score was recorded for each of the two tests. There were no distractions for one of the passages, but participants received text messages while they read the other passage. Participants scored significantly worse when distracted by incoming texts. Participants were also asked if they thought they were good at multitasking (yes or no) but “even students who were confident of their abilities did just as poorly on the test while texting.” 

(a) What are the cases? 

(b) What are the variables? Is each variable categorical or quantitative? 

(c) If we create a dataset of the information with cases as rows and variables as columns, how many rows and how many columns would the dataset have?