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an applied guide to research designs
The Official Guide For GMAT Review 12th Edition GMAC (Graduate Management Admission Council) - Solutions
A prominent investor who holds a large stake in the Burton Tool Company has recently claimed that the company is mismanaged, citing as evidence the company’s failure to slow production in response to a recent rise in its inventory of fi nished products. It is doubtful whether an investor’s
When hypnotized subjects are told that they are deaf and are then asked whether they can hear the hypnotist, they reply, “No.” Some theorists try to explain this result by arguing that the selves of hypnotized subjects are dissociated into separate parts, and that the part that is deaf is
When there is less rainfall than normal, the water level of Australian rivers falls and the rivers fl ow more slowly. Because algae whose habitat is river water grow best in slow-moving water, the amount of algae per unit of water generally increases when there has been little rain. By contrast,
Neither a rising standard of living nor balanced trade, by itself, establishes a country’s ability to compete in the international marketplace. Both are required simultaneously since standards of living can rise because of growing trade deficits and trade can be balanced by means of a decline in
Red blood cells in which the malarial-fever parasite resides are eliminated from a person’s body after 120 days. Because the parasite cannot travel to a new generation of red blood cells, any fever that develops in a person more than 120 days after that person has moved to a malaria-free region
In order to withstand tidal currents, juvenile horseshoe crabs frequently burrow in the sand. Such burrowing discourages barnacles from clinging to their shells.When fully grown, however, the crabs can readily withstand tidal currents without burrowing, and thus they acquire substantial populations
Even though most universities retain the royalties from faculty members’ inventions, the faculty members retain the royalties from books and articles they write.Therefore, faculty members should retain the royalties from the educational computer software they develop.The conclusion above would be
Which of the following most logically completes the argument given below?People in isolated rain-forest communities tend to live on a largely vegetarian diet, and they eat little salt.Few of them suffer from high blood pressure, and their blood pressure does not tend to increase with age, as is
The fewer restrictions there are on the advertising of legal services, the more lawyers there are who advertise their services, and the lawyers who advertise a specific service usually charge less for that service than the lawyers who do not advertise.Therefore, if the state removes any of its
Insurance Company X is considering issuing a new policy to cover services required by elderly people who suffer from diseases that afflict the elderly.Premiums for the policy must be low enough to attract customers. Therefore, Company X is concerned that the income from the policies would not be
Journalist: In late 1994, the present government of the Republic of Bellam came into power. Each year since then, about thirty journalists have been imprisoned for printing articles that criticize the government. In 1994, under the old government, only six journalists were imprisoned for
Most employees in the computer industry move from company to company, changing jobs several times in their careers. However, Summit Computers is known throughout the industry for retaining its employees.Summit credits its success in retaining employees to its informal, nonhierarchical work
Rye sown in the fall and plowed into the soil in early spring leaves a residue that is highly effective at controlling broad-leaved weeds, but unfortunately for only about forty-fi ve days. No major agricultural crop matures from seed in as little as forty-fi ve days.Synthetic herbicides, on the
One variety of partially biodegradable plastic beverage container is manufactured from small bits of plastic bound together by a degradable bonding agent such as cornstarch. Since only the bonding agent degrades, leaving the small bits of plastic, no less plastic refuse per container is produced
Although computers can enhance people’s ability to communicate, computer games are a cause of underdeveloped communication skills in children.After-school hours spent playing computer games are hours not spent talking with people. Therefore, children who spend all their spare time playing these
Certain genetically modifi ed strains of maize produce a powerful natural insecticide. The insecticide occurs throughout the plant, including its pollen. Maize pollen is dispersed by the wind and frequently blows onto milkweed plants that grow near maize fi elds.Caterpillars of monarch butterfl ies
If the county continues to collect residential trash at current levels, landfills will soon be overflowing and parkland will need to be used in order to create more space. Charging each household a fee for each pound of trash it puts out for collection will induce residents to reduce the amount of
Which of the following most logically completes the argument below?Davison River farmers are currently deciding between planting winter wheat this fall or spring wheat next spring. Winter wheat and spring wheat are usually about equally profi table. Because of new government restrictions on the use
Contrary to earlier predictions, demand for sugarcane has not increased in recent years. Yet, even though prices and production amounts have also been stable during the last three years, sugarcane growers last year increased their profits by more than 10 percent over the previous year’s level.Any
Some anthropologists study modern-day societies of foragers in an effort to learn about our ancient ancestors who were also foragers. A flaw in this strategy is that forager societies are extremely varied.Indeed, any forager society with which anthropologists are familiar has had considerable
Trancorp currently transports all its goods to Burland Island by truck. The only bridge over the channel separating Burland from the mainland is congested, and trucks typically spend hours in traffic. Trains can reach the channel more quickly than trucks, and freight cars can be transported to
Installing scrubbers in smokestacks and switching to cleaner-burning fuel are the two methods available to Northern Power for reducing harmful emissions from its plants. Scrubbers will reduce harmful emissions more than cleaner-burning fuels will. Therefore, by installing scrubbers, Northern Power
Crowding on Mooreville’s subway frequently leads to delays, because it is diffi cult for passengers to exit from the trains. Subway ridership is projected to increase by 20 percent over the next 10 years. The Mooreville Transit Authority plans to increase the number of daily train trips by only 5
Which of the following best completes the passage below?When the products of several competing suppliers are perceived by consumers to be essentially the same, classical economics predicts that price competition will reduce prices to the same minimal levels and all suppliers’ profits to the same
In the last decade there has been a significant decrease in coffee consumption. During this same time, there has been increasing publicity about the adverse long-term effects on health of the caffeine in coffee. Therefore, the decrease in coffee consumption must have been caused by consumers’
The growing popularity of computer-based activities was widely expected to result in a decline in television viewing, since it had been assumed that people lack suffi cient free time to maintain current televisionviewing levels while spending increasing amounts of free time on the computer. That
Which of the following best completes the passage below?The computer industry’s estimate that it loses millions of dollars when users illegally copy programs without paying for them is greatly exaggerated. Most of the illegal copying is done by people with no serious interest in the programs.
Thyrian lawmaker: Thyria’s Cheese Importation Board inspects all cheese shipments to Thyria and rejects shipments not meeting specifi ed standards. Yet only 1 percent is ever rejected. Therefore, since the health consequences and associated economic costs of not rejecting that 1 percent are
Offshore oil-drilling operations entail an unavoidable risk of an oil spill, but importing oil on tankers presently entails an even greater such risk per barrel of oil. Therefore, if we are to reduce the risk of an oil spill without curtailing our use of oil, we must invest more in offshore
Last year the rate of inflation was 1.2 percent, but for the current year it has been 4 percent. We can conclude that inflation is on an upward trend and the rate will be still higher next year.Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the conclusion above?(A) The inflation figures
Which of the following most logically completes the argument?Ferber’s syndrome, a viral disease that frequently affects cattle, is transmitted to these animals through infected feed. Even though chickens commercially raised for meat are often fed the type of feed identifi ed as the source of
Advertisement: Today’s customers expect high quality.Every advance in the quality of manufactured products raises customer expectations. The company that is satisfied with the current quality of its products will soon find that its customers are not. At MegaCorp, meeting or exceeding customer
The Eurasian ruffe, a fi sh species inadvertently introduced into North America’s Great Lakes in recent years, feeds on the eggs of lake whitefi sh, a native species, thus threatening the lakes’ natural ecosystem. To help track the ruffe’s spread, government agencies have produced
A company’s two divisions performed with remarkable consistency over the past three years: in each of those years, the pharmaceuticals division has accounted for roughly 20 percent of dollar sales and 40 percent of profits, and the chemicals division for the balance.Which of the following can
Robot satellites relay important communications and identify weather patterns. Because the satellites can be repaired only in orbit, astronauts are needed to repair them. Without repairs, the satellites would eventually malfunction. Therefore, space flights carrying astronauts must continue.Which
Last year a record number of new manufacturing jobs were created. Will this year bring another record? Well, a new manufacturing job is created either within an existing company or by the start-up of a new company.Within existing fi rms, new jobs have been created this year at well below last
The technological conservatism of bicycle manufacturers is a reflection of the kinds of demand they are trying to meet. The only cyclists seriously interested in innovation and willing to pay for it are bicycle racers. Therefore, innovation in bicycle technology is limited by what authorities will
For similar cars and comparable drivers, automobile insurance for collision damage has always cost more in Greatport than in Fairmont. Police studies, however, show that cars owned by Greatport residents are, on average, slightly less likely to be involved in a collision than cars in Fairmont.
When a polygraph test is judged inconclusive, this is no reflection on the examinee. Rather, such a judgment means that the test has failed to show whether the examinee was truthful or untruthful.Nevertheless, employers will sometimes refuse to hire a job applicant because of an inconclusive
Many breakfast cereals are fortified with vitamin supplements. Some of these cereals provide 100 percent of the recommended daily requirement of vitamins. Nevertheless, a well-balanced breakfast, including a variety of foods, is a better source of those vitamins than are such fortified breakfast
The Plexis Corporation, a leading computer chip manufacturer, is currently developing a new chip, which is faster and more effi cient than any computer chip currently in use. The new chip will be released for sale in twelve months. Plexis’ market research has shown that initial sales of the new
A drug that is highly effective in treating many types of infection can, at present, be obtained only from the bark of the ibora, a tree that is quite rare in the wild. It takes the bark of 5,000 trees to make one kilogram of the drug. It follows, therefore, that continued production of the drug
Plan: Concerned about the welfare of its senior citizens, the government of Runagia decided two years ago to increase by 20 percent the governmentprovided pension paid to all Runagians age sixty-fi ve and older.Result: Many Runagian senior citizens are no better off fi nancially now than they were
Male bowerbirds construct elaborately decorated nests, or bowers. Basing their judgment on the fact that different local populations of bowerbirds of the same species build bowers that exhibit different building and decorative styles, researchers have concluded that the bowerbirds’ building
In recent years, many cabinetmakers have been winning acclaim as artists. But since furniture must be useful, cabinetmakers must exercise their craft with an eye to the practical utility of their product. For this reason, cabinetmaking is not art.Which of the following is an assumption that
Physician: The hormone melatonin has shown promise as a medication for sleep disorders when taken in synthesized form. Because the long-term side effects of synthetic melatonin are unknown, however, I cannot recommend its use at this time.Patient: Your position is inconsistent with your usual
In Asia, where palm trees are nonnative, the trees’flowers have traditionally been pollinated by hand, which has kept palm fruit productivity unnaturally low.When weevils known to be efficient pollinators of palm flowers were introduced into Asia in 1980, palm fruit productivity increased—by up
Hunter: Many people blame hunters alone for the decline in Greenrock National Forest’s deer population over the past ten years. Yet clearly, black bears have also played an important role in this decline. In the past ten years, the forest’s protected black bear population has risen sharply, and
Which of the following best completes the passage below?People buy prestige when they buy a premium product.They want to be associated with something special.Mass-marketing techniques and price-reduction strategies should not be used because .(A) affluent purchasers currently represent a shrinking
A conservation group in the United States is trying to change the long-standing image of bats as frightening creatures. The group contends that bats are feared and persecuted solely because they are shy animals that are active only at night.Which of the following, if true, would cast the most
In Washington County, attendance at the movies is just large enough for the cinema operators to make modest profi ts. The size of the county’s population is stable and is not expected to increase much. Yet there are investors ready to double the number of movie screens in the county within fi ve
In Swartkans territory, archaeologists discovered charred bone fragments dating back one million years.Analysis of the fragments, which came from a variety of animals, showed that they had been heated to temperatures no higher than those produced in experimental campfires made from branches of
A certain automaker aims to increase its market share by deeply discounting its vehicles’ prices for the next several months. The discounts will cut into profi ts, but because they will be heavily advertised the manufacturer hopes that they will attract buyers away from rival manufacturers’
Wood smoke contains dangerous toxins that cause changes in human cells. Because wood smoke presents such a high health risk, legislation is needed to regulate the use of open-air fires and wood-burning stoves.Which of the following, if true, provides the most support for the argument above?(A) The
Cable-television spokesperson: Subscriptions to cable television are a bargain in comparison to “free”television. Remember that “free” television is not really free. It is consumers, in the end, who pay for the costly advertising that supports “free” television.Which of the following,
In order to reduce the number of items damaged while in transit to customers, packaging consultants recommended that the TrueSave mail-order company increase the amount of packing material so as to fi ll any empty spaces in its cartons. Accordingly, TrueSave offi cials instructed the company’s
A report that many apples contain a cancer-causing preservative called Alar apparently had little effect on consumers. Few consumers planned to change their apple-buying habits as a result of the report.Nonetheless, sales of apples in grocery stores fell sharply in March, a month after the report
Traverton’s city council wants to minimize the city’s average yearly expenditures on its traffi c signal lights and so is considering replacing the incandescent bulbs currently in use with arrays of light-emitting diodes(LEDs) as the incandescent bulbs burn out. Compared to incandescent bulbs,
The amount of time it takes for most of a worker’s occupational knowledge and skills to become obsolete has been declining because of the introduction of advanced manufacturing technology (AMT). Given the rate at which AMT is currently being introduced in manufacturing, the average worker’s old
A company is considering changing its policy concerning daily working hours. Currently, this company requires all employees to arrive at work at 8 a.m. The proposed policy would permit each employee to decide when to arrive—from as early as 6 a.m. to as late as 11 a.m.The adoption of this policy
According to a prediction of the not-so-distant future published in 1940, electricity would revolutionize agriculture. Electrodes would be inserted into the soil, and the current between them would kill bugs and weeds and make crop plants stronger.Which of the following, if true, most strongly
Homeowners aged 40 to 50 are more likely to purchase ice cream and are more likely to purchase it in larger amounts than are members of any other demographic group. The popular belief that teenagers eat more ice cream than adults must, therefore, be false.The argument is flawed primarily because
Scientists propose placing seismic stations on the fl oor of the Pacifi c Ocean to warn threatened coastal communities on the northwestern coast of the United States of approaching tidal waves caused by earthquakes. Since forewarned communities could take steps to evacuate, many of the injuries and
“Life expectancy” is the average age at death of the entire live-born population. In the middle of the nineteenth century, life expectancy in North America was 40 years, whereas now it is nearly 80 years.Thus, in those days, people must have been considered old at an age that we now consider
The primary purpose of the passage is to(A) support an alternative to an accepted methodology(B) present evidence that resolves a contradiction(C) introduce a recently discovered source of information(D) challenge a widely accepted explanation(E) argue that a discarded theory deserves new attention
It can be inferred from the passage that the “easy conclusion” mentioned in line 58 is based on which of the following assumptions?(A) People who migrate from rural areas to large cities usually do so for economic reasons.(B) Most people who leave rural areas to take jobs in cities return to
The author cites each of the following as possible influences in an African American worker’s decision to migrate north in the Great Migration EXCEPT(A) wage levels in northern cities(B) labor recruiters(C) competition from rural workers(D) voting rights in northern states(E) the African American
According to the passage, which of the following is true of wages in southern cities in 1910?(A) They were being pushed lower as a result of increased competition.(B) They had begun to rise so that southern industry could attract rural workers.(C) They had increased for skilled workers but
In the passage, the author anticipates which of the following as a possible objection to her argument?(A) It is uncertain how many people actually migrated during the Great Migration.(B) The eventual economic status of the Great Migration migrants has not been adequately traced.(C) It is not likely
The author indicates explicitly that which of the following records has been a source of information in her investigation?(A) United States Immigration Service reports from 1914 to 1930(B) Payrolls of southern manufacturing firms between 1910 and 1930(C) The volume of cotton exports between 1898
The passage suggests that, unlike the pleiotropic hormones, oligosaccharins could be used effectively to(A) trace the passage of chemicals through the walls of cells(B) pinpoint functions of other plant hormones(C) artificially control specific aspects of the development of crops(D) alter the
According to the passage, which of the following best describes a function performed by oligosaccharins?(A) Regulating the daily functioning of a plant’s cells(B) Interacting with one another to produce different chemicals(C) Releasing specific chemical messengers from a plant’s cell walls(D)
The author mentions specific effects that auxin has on plant development in order to illustrate the(A) point that some of the effects of plant hormones can be harmful(B) way in which hormones are produced by plants(C) hierarchical nature of the functioning of plant hormones(D) differences among the
The passage suggests that which of the following is a function likely to be performed by an oligosaccharin?(A) To stimulate a particular plant cell to become part of a plant’s root system(B) To stimulate the walls of a particular cell to produce other oligosaccharins(C) To activate enzymes that
The passage suggests that the place of hypothalamic hormones in the hormonal hierarchies of animals is similar to the place of which of the following in plants?(A) Plant cell walls(B) The complement of genes in each plant cell(C) A subset of a plant cell’s gene complement(D) The five major
According to the passage, the five well-known plant hormones are not useful in controlling the growth of crops because(A) it is not known exactly what functions the hormones perform(B) each hormone has various effects on plants(C) none of the hormones can function without the others(D) each hormone
Which of the following statements about Clark’s study of the telephone exchange can be inferred from information in the passage?(A) Clark’s reason for undertaking the study was to undermine Braverman’s analysis of the function of technology.(B) Clark’s study suggests that the implementation
The author of the passage uses the expression “are supposed to” in line 27 primarily in order to(A) suggest that a contention made by constructivists regarding determinists is inaccurate(B) defi ne the generally accepted position of determinists regarding the implementation of technology(C)
According to the passage, constructivists employed which of the following to promote their argument?(A) Empirical studies of business situations involving technological change(B) Citation of managers supportive of their position(C) Construction of hypothetical situations that support their view(D)
The information in the passage suggests that Clark believes that which of the following would be true if social constructivism had not gained widespread acceptance?(A) Businesses would be more likely to modernize without considering the social consequences of their actions.(B) There would be
The information in the passage suggests that which of the following statements from hypothetical sociological studies of change in industry most clearly exemplifi es the social constructivists’ version of technological determinism?(A) It is the available technology that determines workers’
Which of the following most accurately describes Clark’s opinion of Braverman’s position?(A) He respects its wide-ranging popularity.(B) He disapproves of its misplaced emphasis on the infl uence of managers.(C) He admires the consideration it gives to the attitudes of the workers affected.(D)
Which of the following statements about the modernization of the telephone exchange is supported by information in the passage?(A) The new technology reduced the role of managers in labor negotiations.(B) The modernization was implemented without the consent of the employees directly affected by
The primary purpose of the passage is to(A) advocate a more positive attitude toward technological change(B) discuss the implications for employees of the modernization of a telephone exchange(C) consider a successful challenge to the constructivist view of technological change(D) challenge the
The authors propose all of the following as possibly contributing to the “missing matter” in spiral galaxies EXCEPT(A) massive black holes(B) small black holes(C) small, dim stars(D) massive stars(E) large planets
It can be inferred from information presented in the passage that if the density of the universe were equivalent to significantly less than three hydrogen atoms per cubic meter, which of the following would be true as a consequence?(A) Luminosity would be a true indicator of mass.(B) Different
The authors’ suggestion that “as much as 90 percent of the mass of the universe is not radiating at any wavelength with enough intensity to be detected on the Earth” (lines 34–37) would be most weakened if which of the following were discovered to be true?(A) Spiral galaxies are less common
The authors’ study indicates that, in comparison with the outermost regions of a typical spiral galaxy, the region just outside the nucleus can be characterized as having(A) higher rotational velocity and higher luminosity(B) lower rotational velocity and higher luminosity(C) lower rotational
The passage is primarily concerned with(A) defending a controversial approach(B) criticizing an accepted view(C) summarizing research findings(D) contrasting competing theories(E) describing an innovative technique
According to the passage, methods of exploring for gold that are widely used today are based on which of the following facts?(A) Most of the Earth’s remaining gold deposits are still molten.(B) Most of the Earth’s remaining gold deposits are exposed at the surface.(C) Most of the Earth’s
The theory mentioned in lines 1–5 relates to the conceptual models discussed in the passage in which of the following ways?(A) It may furnish a valid account of ore-forming processes, and, hence, can support conceptual models that have great practical significance.(B) It suggests that certain
It can be inferred from the passage that which of the following is easiest to detect?(A) A gold-quartz vein system originating in magmatic fluids(B) A gold-quartz vein system originating in metamorphic fluids(C) A gold deposit that is mixed with granite(D) A gold deposit that has shed alluvial
Which of the following statements about discoveries of gold deposits is supported by information in the passage?(A) The number of gold discoveries made annually has increased between the time of the original gold rushes and the present.(B) New discoveries of gold deposits are likely to be the
The passage implies that which of the following steps would be the first performed by explorers who wish to maximize their chances of discovering gold?(A) Surveying several sites known to have been formed more than two billion years ago(B) Limiting exploration to sites known to have been formed
According to the passage, the widely held view of Archean-age gold-quartz vein systems is that such systems(A) were formed from metamorphic fluids(B) originated in molten granite-like bodies(C) were formed from alluvial deposits(D) generally have surface expression(E) are not discoverable through
The author is primarily concerned with(A) advocating a return to an older methodology(B) explaining the importance of a recent theory(C) enumerating differences between two widely used methods(D) describing events leading to a discovery(E) challenging the assumptions on which a theory is based
According to the passage, which of the following describes a result of the way in which researchers generally conduct clinical trials?(A) They expend resources on the storage of information likely to be irrelevant to the study they are conducting.(B) They sometimes compromise the accuracy of their
The author mentions patients’ ages (line 33) primarily in order to(A) identify the most critical variable differentiating subgroups of patients(B) cast doubt on the advisability of implementing Frazier and Mosteller’s proposals about medical research(C) indicate why progressive diseases may
It can be inferred from the passage that a study limited to patients like those mentioned in lines 21–23 would have which of the following advantages over the kind of study proposed by Frazier and Mosteller?(A) It would yield more data and its fi ndings would be more accurate.(B) It would cost
Which of the following can be inferred from the passage about a study of the category of patients referred to in lines 21–23?(A) Its fi ndings might have limited applicability.(B) It would be prohibitively expensive in its attempt to create ideal conditions.(C) It would be the best way to sample
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