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applied statistics and probability for engineers

Probability And Statistics For Engineering And The Sciences 7th Edition Dave Ellis, Jay L Devore - Solutions

12. Exercise 4 gave data on x BOD mass loading and y BOD mass removal. Values of relevant summary quantities are n 14 xi 517yi 346 x2 i 39,095y2 i 17,454 xi yi 25,825a. Obtain the equation of the least squares line.b. Predict the value of BOD mass removal for a single
10 in.? A drop of 15 in.?d. Suppose .025 and consider a pressure drop of 10 in.What is the probability that the observed value of flow rate will exceed .835? That observed flow rate will exceed .840?e. What is the probability that an observation on flow rate when pressure drop is 10 in. will
9. The flow rate y (m3/min) in a device used for air-quality measurement depends on the pressure drop x (in. of water)across the device’s filter. Suppose that for x values between 5 and 20, the two variables are related according to the simple linear regression model with true regression line y
8. Referring to Exercise 7, suppose that the standard deviation of the random deviation is 350 psi.a. What is the probability that the observed value of 28-day strength will exceed 5000 psi when the value of accelerated strength is 2000?b. Repeat part (a) with 2500 in place of 2000.c. Consider
6. One factor in the development of tennis elbow, a malady that strikes fear in the hearts of all serious tennis players, is the impact-induced vibration of the racket-and-arm system at ball contact. It is well known that the likelihood of getting tennis elbow depends on various properties of the
4. A study to assess the capability of subsurface flow wetland systems to remove biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and various other chemical constituents resulted in the accompanying data on x BOD mass loading (kg/ha/d) and y BOD mass removal (kg/ha/d) (“Subsurface Flow Wetlands—A Performance
2. The article “Exhaust Emissions from Four-Stroke Lawn Mower Engines” (J. of the Air and Water Mgmnt. Assoc., 1997: 945–952) reported data from a study in which both a baseline gasoline mixture and a reformulated gasoline were used. Consider the following observations on age (yr) and NOX
1. The efficiency ratio for a steel specimen immersed in a phosphating tank is the weight of the phosphate coating divided by the metal loss (both in mg/ft2). The article“Statistical Process Control of a Phosphate Coating Line”(Wire J. Intl., May, 1997: 78–81) gave the accompanying data on
87. Reconsider the situation of Exercise 73, in which x retained austenite content using a garnet abrasive and y abrasive wear loss were related via the simple linear regression model Y 0 1x . Suppose that for a second type of abrasive, these variables are also related via the simple linear
b. Use the data to develop a way of predicting an HW measurement from a BOD POD measurement, and investigate the effectiveness of such predictions.
a. Use various methods to decide whether it is plausible that the two techniques measure on average the same amount of fat.
86. The article “Evaluating the BOD POD for Assessing Body Fat in Collegiate Football Players” (Medicine and Science in Sports and Exericse, 1999: 1350–1356) reports on a new air displacement device for measuring body fat. The customary procedure utilizes the hydrostatic weighing device,
83. Use the formula for computing SSE to verify that r 2 1 SSE/SST.
81. Let sx and sy denote the sample standard deviations of the observed x’s and y’s, respectively [so s 2 x (xi x)2/(n 1)and similarly for s 2 y ].a. Show that an alternative expression for the estimated regression line y ˆ0 ˆ1x is y y r (x x)b. This expression for the
79. Show that SSE Syy ˆ1Sxy, which gives an alternative computational formula for SSE.80. Suppose that x and y are positive variables and that a sample of n pairs results in r 1. If the sample correlation coefficient is computed for the (x, y2) pairs, will the resulting value also be
d. Predict peak photovoltage when % absorption is 19.1, and compute the value of the corresponding residual.e. The article’s authors claim that there is a useful linear relationship between % absorption and peak photovoltage. Do you agree? Carry out a formal test.f. Give an estimate of the change
c. What proportion of the observed variation in peak photovoltage can be explained by the model relationship?
b. Assuming that the simple linear regression model is appropriate, obtain the equation of the estimated regression line.
77. The article “Photocharge Effects in Dye Sensitized Ag[Br,I]Emulsions at Millisecond Range Exposures” (Photographic Sci. and Engr., 1981: 138–144) gives the accompanying data on x % light absorption at 5800 A and y peak photovoltage.a. Construct a scatter plot of this data. What does
75. An investigation was carried out to study the relationship between speed (ft/sec) and stride rate (number of steps taken/sec) among female marathon runners. Resulting summary quantities included n 11, (speed) 205.4,(speed)2 3880.08, (rate) 35.16, (rate)2 112.681, and
73. The presence of hard alloy carbides in high chromium white iron alloys results in excellent abrasion resistance, making them suitable for materials handling in the mining and materials processing industries. The accompanying data on x retained austentite content (%) and y abrasive wear
e. Would you use the simple linear regression model to draw conclusions when the salinity level is 40?
d. What is the value of the sample correlation coefficient?
c. Does there appear to be a useful linear relationship between the two variables?
b. Calculate a point estimate of expected nitrate level when salinity level is 35.5.
a. What is the sample size n? [Hint: Look for degrees of freedom for SSE.]
72. The SAS output on the next page is based on data from the article “Evidence for and the Rate of Denitrification in the Arabian Sea” (Deep Sea Research, 1978: 431–435). The variables under study are x salinity level (%) and y nitrate level (M/L).
71. The accompanying data on x diesel oil consumption rate measured by the drain–weigh method and y rate measured by the CI-trace method, both in g/hr, was read from a graph in the article “A New Measurement Method of Diesel Engine Oil Consumption Rate” (J. Society Auto Engr., 1985:
70. Forensic scientists are often interested in making a measurement of some sort on a body (alive or dead) and then using that as a basis for inferring something about the age of the body. Consider the accompanying data on age (yr) and %D-aspertic acid (hereafter %DAA) from a particular
68. The appraisal of a warehouse can appear straightforward compared to other appraisal assignments. A warehouse appraisal involves comparing a building that is primarily an open shell to other such buildings. However, there are still a number of warehouse attributes that are plausibly related to
c. Now suppose a sample of n 10,000 (x, y) pairs resulted in r .022. Test H0: 0 versus Ha: 0 at level .05.Is the result statistically significant? Comment on the practical significance of your analysis.
b. Does this small P-value indicate that there is a very strong linear relationship between x and y (a value of that differs considerably from 0)? Explain.
a. What conclusion would be appropriate at level of significance .001?
66. Consider a time series—that is, a sequence of observations X1, X2, . . . obtained over time—with observed values x1, x2, . . . , xn. Suppose that the series shows no upward or downward trend over time. An investigator will frequently want to know just how strongly values in the series
65. The article “Chronological Trend in Blood Lead Levels”(N. Engl. J. Med., 1983: 1373–1377) gives the following data on y average blood lead level of white children age 6 months to 5 years and x amount of lead used in gasoline production (in 1000 tons) for ten 6-month periods:a.
64. The article “Increases in Steroid Binding Globulins Induced by Tamoxifen in Patients with Carcinoma of the Breast”(J. Endocrinology, 1978: 219–226) reports data on the effects of the drug tamoxifen on change in the level of cortisolbinding globulin (CBG) of patients during treatment. With
60. The article “A Dual-Buffer Titration Method for Lime Requirement of Acid Mine-soils” (J. of Environ. Qual., 1988:452–456) reports on the results of a study relating to revegetation of soil at mine reclamation sites. With x KCl extractable aluminum and y amount of lime required to
58. The Turbine Oil Oxidation Test (TOST) and the Rotating Bomb Oxidation Test (RBOT) are two different procedures for evaluating the oxidation stability of steam turbine oils.
56. The article “Bone Density and Insertion Torque as Predictors of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Graft Fixation Strength” (The Amer. J. of Sports Med., 2004: 1421–1429)gave the accompanying data on maximum insertion torque(Nm) and yield load (N), the latter being one measure of graft strength,
55. Verify that V(ˆ0 ˆ1x) is indeed given by the expression in the text. [Hint: V(di Yi) d2 i V(Yi).]
54. The decline of water supplies in certain areas of the United States has created the need for increased understanding of relationships between economic factors such as crop yield and hydrologic and soil factors. The article “Variability of Soil Water Properties and Crop Yield in a Sloped
53. Consider the following four intervals based on the data of Example 12.4 (Section 12.2):a. A 95% CI for mean porosity when unit weight is 110b. A 95% PI for porosity when unit weight is 110c. A 95% CI for mean porosity when unit weight is 115d. A 95% PI for porosity when unit weight is 115
52. Plasma etching is essential to the fine-line pattern transfer in current semiconductor processes. The article “Ion Beam-Assisted Etching of Aluminum with Chlorine”(J. Electrochem. Soc., 1985: 2010– 2012) gives the accompanying data (read from a graph) on chlorine flow (x, in SCCM) through
51. Refer to Example 12.12 in which x volume fraction of oxides/inclusions and y % elongation.a. MINITAB gave sˆ0ˆ1(.40) .0311 and sˆ0ˆ1(1.20) .0352.Why is the former estimated standard deviation smaller than the latter one?b. Use the MINITAB output from the example to calculate a
c. Obtain an interval of plausible values for position resulting from a single observation to be made when concentration is .50, interpret your interval, and compare to the interval of (b).d. Obtain simultaneous CIs for expected position when concentration is .3, .5, and .7; the joint confidence
b. Obtain an interval estimate for mean Fermi level position when concentration is .50, and interpret your estimate.
a. Obtain an interval estimate of the expected change in Fermi level position associated with an increase of .1 in Ge concentration, and interpret your estimate.
50. Silicon-germanium alloys have been used in certain types of solar cells. The paper “Silicon-Germanium Films Deposited by Low-Frequency Plasma-Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition” (J. of Material Res., 2006: 88–104) reported on a study of various structural and electrical
48. The catch basin in a storm sewer system is the interface between surface runoff and the sewer. The catch basin insert is a device for retrofitting catch basins to improve pollutant removal properties. The article “An Evaluation of the Urban Stormwater Pollutant Removal Efficiency of Catch
d. Suppose it had previously been believed that when crystallization temperature was 400°C, true average silver content would be .25. Carry out a test at significance level .05 to decide whether the sample data contradicts this prior belief.
c. Calculate a 95% CI for the true average change in silver content associated with a 1°C increase in temperature.
b. How would the width of a 95% CI for true average silver content when temperature is 400°C compare to the width of the interval in part (a)? Answer without computing this new interval.
a. Estimate true average silver content when temperature is 500°C using a 95% confidence interval.
46. The article “The Incorporation of Uranium and Silver by Hydrothermally Synthesized Galena” (Econ. Geology, 1964: 1003–1024) reports on the determination of silver content of galena crystals grown in a closed hydrothermal system over a range of temperature. With x crystallization
d. Interpret the hypotheses H0: 0 1251 80 and H0:0 1251 80, and then carry out a test at significance level .01.
c. How would the intervals of parts (a) and (b) compare to a CI and PI when filtration rate is 115? Answer without actually calculating these new intervals.
45. Reconsider the filtration rate–moisture content data introduced in Example 12.6 (see also Example 12.7).a. Compute a 90% CI for 0 1251, true average moisture content when the filtration rate is 125.b. Predict the value of moisture content for a single experimental run in which the
43. The probability of a type II error for the t test for H0: 1 10 can be computed in the same manner as it was computed for the t tests of Chapter 8. If the alternative value of1 is denoted by 1, the value of d is first calculated, then the appropriate set of curves in Appendix Table A.17 is
40. Use the rules of expected value to show that ˆ0 is an unbiased estimator for 0 (assuming that ˆ1 is unbiased for 1).
d. Estimate the true average change in mist associated with a 1 cm/sec increase in velocity, and do so in a way that conveys information about precision and reliability.
c. The investigators were particularly interested in the impact on mist of increasing velocity from 100 to 1000(a factor of 10 corresponding to the difference between the smallest and largest x values in the sample). When x increases in this way, is there substantial evidence that the true average
b. What proportion of observed variation in mist can be attributed to the simple linear regression relationship between velocity and mist?
a. The investigators performed a simple linear regression analysis to relate the two variables. Does a scatter plot of the data support this strategy?
36. Mist (airborne droplets or aerosols) is generated when metal-removing fluids are used in machining operations to cool and lubricate the tool and workpiece. Mist generation is a concern to OSHA, which has recently lowered substantially the workplace standard. The article “Variables Affecting
35. How does lateral acceleration—side forces experienced in turns that are largely under driver control—affect nausea as perceived by bus passengers? The article “Motion Sickness in Public Road Transport: The Effect of Driver, Route, and Vehicle” (Ergonomics, 1999: 1646–1664) reported
34. Refer to the MINITAB output of Exercise 20, in which x NO3 wet deposition and y lichen N (%).a. Carry out the model utility test at level .01, using the rejection region approach.b. Repeat part (a) using the P-value approach.c. Suppose it had previously been believed that when NO3 wet
32. Exercise 16 of Section 12.2 gave data on x rainfall volume and y runoff volume (both in m3). Use the accompanying MINITAB output to decide whether there is a useful linear relationship between rainfall and runoff, and then calculate a confidence interval for the true average change in
31. Reconsider the summary quantities given in Exercise 18 for the regression of y deflection factor on x temperature.a. Compute the estimated standard deviation sˆ1.b. Calculate a 95% CI for 1, the expected change in deflection factor associated with a 1°F increase in temperature.
29. Consider the following three data sets, in which the variables of interest are x commuting distance and y commuting time. Based on a scatter plot and the values of s and r 2, in which situation would simple linear regression be most (least)effective, and why?x 14 18 40 43 45 112 y 280 350
27. Suppose an investigator has data on the amount of shelf space x devoted to display of a particular product and sales revenue y for that product. The investigator may wish to fit a model for which the true regression line passes through (0, 0). The appropriate model is Y 1x . Assume that
26. Show that the “point of averages” (x, y) lies on the estimated regression line.
25. Show that b1 and b0 of expressions (12.2) and (12.3) satisfy the normal equations.
d. Because the largest x value in the sample greatly exceeds the others, this observation may have been very influential in determining the equation of the estimated line.Delete this observation and recalculate the equation.Does the new equation appear to differ substantially from the original one
c. What percentage of observed variation in steel weight loss can be attributed to the model relationship in combination with variation in deposition rate?
b. Calculate the equation of the estimated regression line.
a. Construct a scatter plot. Does the simple linear regression model appear to be reasonable in this situation?
24. The accompanying data was read from a graph that appeared in the article “Reactions on Painted Steel Under the Influence of Sodium Chloride, and Combinations Thereof” (Ind. Engr.Chem. Prod. Res. Dev., 1985: 375–378). The independent variable is SO2 deposition rate (mg/m2/d) and the
22.a. Use the summary quantities from Exercise 18 to estimate the standard deviation of the random deviation in the simple linear regression model.b. Based on the summary quantities from Exercise 18, what proportion of variation in deflection adjustment factor can be explained by the simple
21. Wrinkle recovery angle and tensile strength are the two most important characteristics for evaluating the performance of crosslinked cotton fabric. An increase in the degree of crosslinking, as determined by ester carboxyl band absorbence, improves the wrinkle resistance of the fabric (at the
d. What is the value of total variation, and how much of it can be explained by the model relationship?
c. What is the estimate of ?
b. Predict lichen N for an NO3 deposition value of .5.
a. What are the least squares estimates of 0 and 1?
20. A number of studies have shown lichens (certain plants composed of an alga and a fungus) to be excellent bioindicators of air pollution. The article “The Epiphytic Lichen Hypogymnia Physodes as a Biomonitor of Atmospheric Nitrogen and Sulphur Deposition in Norway” (Envir.Monitoring and
18. The following summary statistics were obtained from a study that used regression analysis to investigate the relationship between pavement deflection and surface temperature of the pavement at various locations on a state highway.Here x temperature (°F) and y deflection adjustment factor
17. A regression of y calcium content (g/L) on x dissolved material (mg/cm2) was reported in the article “Use of Fly Ash or Silica Fume to Increase the Resistance of Concrete to Feed Acids” (Magazine of Concrete Research, 1997: 337–344).The equation of the estimated regression line was y
15. Values of modulus of elasticity (MOE, the ratio of stress, i.e., force per unit area, to strain, i.e., deformation per unit length, in GPa) and flexural strength (a measure of the ability to resist failure in bending, in MPa) were determined for a sample of concrete beams of a certain type,
13. The accompanying data on x current density (mA/cm2)and y rate of deposition (m/min) appeared in the article“Plating of 60/40 Tin/Lead Solder for Head Termination Metallurgy” (Plating and Surface Finishing, Jan. 1997:38–40). Do you agree with the claim by the article’s author that
12. Exercise 4 gave data on x BOD mass loading and y BOD mass removal. Values of relevant summary quantities are n 14 xi 517yi 346 x2 i 39,095y2 i 17,454 xi yi 25,825a. Obtain the equation of the least squares line.b. Predict the value of BOD mass removal for a single
10 in.? A drop of 15 in.?d. Suppose .025 and consider a pressure drop of 10 in.What is the probability that the observed value of flow rate will exceed .835? That observed flow rate will exceed .840?e. What is the probability that an observation on flow rate when pressure drop is 10 in. will
9. The flow rate y (m3/min) in a device used for air-quality measurement depends on the pressure drop x (in. of water)across the device’s filter. Suppose that for x values between 5 and 20, the two variables are related according to the simple linear regression model with true regression line y
8. Referring to Exercise 7, suppose that the standard deviation of the random deviation is 350 psi.a. What is the probability that the observed value of 28-day strength will exceed 5000 psi when the value of accelerated strength is 2000?b. Repeat part (a) with 2500 in place of 2000.c. Consider
6. One factor in the development of tennis elbow, a malady that strikes fear in the hearts of all serious tennis players, is the impact-induced vibration of the racket-and-arm system at ball contact. It is well known that the likelihood of getting tennis elbow depends on various properties of the
4. A study to assess the capability of subsurface flow wetland systems to remove biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and various other chemical constituents resulted in the accompanying data on x BOD mass loading (kg/ha/d) and y BOD mass removal (kg/ha/d) (“Subsurface Flow Wetlands—A Performance
2. The article “Exhaust Emissions from Four-Stroke Lawn Mower Engines” (J. of the Air and Water Mgmnt. Assoc., 1997: 945–952) reported data from a study in which both a baseline gasoline mixture and a reformulated gasoline were used. Consider the following observations on age (yr) and NOX
1. The efficiency ratio for a steel specimen immersed in a phosphating tank is the weight of the phosphate coating divided by the metal loss (both in mg/ft2). The article“Statistical Process Control of a Phosphate Coating Line”(Wire J. Intl., May, 1997: 78–81) gave the accompanying data on
a. Use the results of Example 7.5 to obtain a 95% lower confidence bound for the parameter of an exponential distribution, and calculate the bound based on the data given in the example.b. If lifetime X has an exponential distribution, the probability that lifetime exceeds t is P(X t) et. Use
Suppose x1, x2, . . . , xn are observed values resulting from a random sample from a symmetric but possibly heavy-tailed distribution. Let x~ and fs denote the sample median and fourth spread, respectively. Chapter 11 of Understanding Robust and Exploratory Data Analysis (see the bibliography in
Let 0 . Then a 100(1 )% CI for when n is large isx z s n, x z s nThe choice /2 yields the usual interval derived in Section 7.2; if /2, this interval is not symmetric about x. The width of this interval is w s(z z )/n.Show that w is minimized for the choice /2, so
Let X1, X2, . . . , Xn be a random sample from a uniform distribution on the interval [0, ], so that f(x) {1 0 x 0 otherwise Then if Y max(Xi), it can be shown that the rv U Y/has density function fU(u) {nun1 0 u 1 0 otherwisea. Use fU (u) to verify that P(/2)1/n Y (1

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