Applied Logistic Regression 2nd Edition David W. Hosmer, Stanley Lemeshow - Solutions

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What is the "harmless error rule," and how does it affect the appellate process? In your opinion, does the rule have a positive or negative effect on the quality of justice meted out in criminal courts?
Most criminal appeals are not heard by the U.S. Supreme Court. Why do you think that the Court agreed to accept Clarence Earl Gideon's in forma pauperis petition for a writ of certiorari?
Do you agree or disagree with the Supreme Court's restrictions on the use of the habeas corpus petition? Why?
How does habeas corpus differ from a direct appeal? Can anyone convicted of a crime petition for a writ of habeas corpus? What are the advantages/disadvantages of the use of habeas corpus?
Why is the writ of habeas corpus referred to as "the Great Writ"?
What is the double jeopardy clause? How does it affect the appellate process?
What purpose do appeals serve in criminal cases? Why is this important?
Why is sentencing referred to as an "inexact science"? Could it be made more "exact"? Should it be?
Is it legitimate for judges to impose a trial penalty or jury tax on defendants who refuse to plead guilty? What are the arguments in favor of the trial penalty? Against the trial penalty?
According to Williams et al.'s (2007) study of capital sentencing, why are those who murder White females more likely to be sentenced to death than those who murder other victims?
Should judges take the characteristics of the victim or the relationship between the victim and the offender into consideration when determining the appropriate punishment? Why or why not? According to research on the death penalty and on sentencing decisions in sexual assault cases, do judges take
What explains the fact that offenders convicted of crimes in the United States are sentenced more harshly than those convicted of crimes in England and Wales?
What are the "key determinants" of judges' sentencing decisions? Why are these two factors so important?
How do researchers "model" the sentencing process?
What are the most common types of sentences imposed by judges in state and federal courts in the United States? Why are intermediate sanctions used so infrequently?
Why did Judge Lynch conclude that the sentence he was required to impose on "Eddie" was "unjust"? Do you agree or disagree with his conclusion?
What problems do each of the philosophical perspectives on sentencing-retribution, deterrence, incapacitation, rehabilitation-encounter in attempting to determine "how much to punish"?
According to retributive theory, why do those who violate the law deserve to be punished?
How would a judge using a retributive justification for punishment answer the question, "Why do we punish those who violate the law?" How would a judge using a utilitarian justification answer the question?
Why are there so few trials and so many plea bargains?
What is the purpose of bail?4, What is the purpose of discovery?
What are the types of pleas, and how do they differ?
What is the meaning of probable cause?
Given the documented success of judicial performance evaluation programs, should more states focus on implementing such programs, and should the federal government play a role in funding requiring such programs?
Should judges who have no experience in a certain area of law be allowed to hear cases in those areas?
Given that most judges were attorneys who specialized in only one or two areas of law, should they be required to learn (take classes on) other areas of law rather than leaving it up to them to put in the extra work on their own?
The chapter speaks of state programs and the National Judicial College, which provides training to judges to help them be more effective on the bench. Should participation in these programs be mandatory for all first-time judges?
Which system for selecting judges do you find achieves the best balance of accountability and judicial independence: pure appointment, election, or merit selection? Why?
Which interest do you think is more important when determining how to select judges, judicial accountability or judicial independence?
If all judges were appointed, how would the public be able to hold them accountable for the rulings they make?
Do you think judges should be elected at all considering that most of the public is not educated in the ways of the legal system?
Which system of electing judges, partisan or nonpartisan, do you think is better for preserving the goals of the judicial system?
Do you think that there should be more cooperation or sharing of administrative responsibilities either among the court staff or among judges to improve the scheduling and timing problems?
What do you think should be done to make trial judges more accountable when they fail to adequately ensure that the rights of the accused are safeguarded? Should the public have a say in the sanctioning of judges?
The notorious trial of Sam Sheppard is discussed in the chapter as an example of the failure of a trial judge to adequately perform his duties. What kind of impact do you think a case like this has on the public's perception of the judiciary?
Do you think that if a client can afford representation, he or she should be forced to hire private counsel to reduce the workload that public defenders face?
Do you think some form of counsel should be provided for every offense? For example, should it be required that an attorney be available for advice on how to proceed with a traffic infraction?
Should clients be allowed to play more of a role in strategizing their case? What if you were an attorney and you knew that it would be better for your client to plea out but he or she insisted on bringing the case to trial, how would you balance your personal belief with your ethical obligation?
Should the court really be allowed to refuse to allow an attorney to represent someone?
Given that indigent defendants have no right to choose the counsel that is appointed to them, what do you think should be the solution if they do not like the attorney appointed them or cannot work with them? Should new counsel be provided?
Do you think the two-pronged test announced in Strickland creates too high of a standard by which to judge the effectiveness of assistance of counsel?
If you were a defense attorney and thought that your client was guilty, how would you weigh this against your duty to ethically represent him or her and safeguard this person's rights?
Given that research shows that there is little difference in the outcome achieved when a client is represented by a private attorney as opposed to an appointed one, why would someone prefer to hire counsel? What advantages do you see between the two?
Do you think more of an effort should be made to increase public perception of public defenders given the amount of criticism they receive?
Which system do you think ensures that the best possible representation is provided to indigent defendants, assigned counsel, contract, or public defender?
Which contract attorney program, either fixed price or fixed fee, do you think is better? Can you think of any other way that a contract program could operate?
Which assigned counsel method do you find to be the better method for appointing lawyers?
What do you think of the ability of judges to choose the attorney who will represent an indigent defendant in the ad hoc assigned counsel system? Should there be some other method to ensure that judges don't funnel work to preferred lawyers?
Given that 90% of criminal defendants are indigent, do you think more of an effort should be made to increase the money that is paid to counsel appointed to represent these people to ensure that they do actually receive competent representation?
Do you think the rule announced in Scott, that a defendant may not be sentenced to jail or prison unless he or she was represented by an attorney or voluntarily waived his or her right to counsel, is good for the judicial system, or is it too difficult to implement?
In Griffin v. California (1965), a case involving the rape and murder of a woman in a dark alley, the Supreme Court considered whether the following argument by the prosecutor constituted prosecutorial misconduct and violated the defendant's rights:
Is it fair to allow prosecutors to determine what evidence is exculpatory? What alternative methods (if any) would be better?
What effect does being a member of the courtroom workgroup have on the way assistant prosecutors perform the jobs?
Of the three models of prosecuting cases-horizontal model, vertical model, and mixed model-which do you think would be most appropriate for the prosecutor's office where you attend school?
In your opinion, should prosecutors' offices have to explain to the public why they declined to file charges in cases? What would be some ramifications of such a requirement?
What factors should voters consider in deciding if a prosecutor should be reelected?
Do you think local prosecuting attorneys should be elected or appointed? What are the pros and cons of each selection method?
What role should politics play in the selection of U.S. Attorneys?
What is the purpose of a grand jury?
List the steps involved in pretrial proceedings in the order that they occur after arrest.
What does the phrase "court of last resort" mean, and which courts does it apply to?
What is the Judiciary Act of 1789, and what did it do?
What are the three different types of functions courts provide?
What is voir dire?
Briefly explain the different types of appeals.
What causes a mistrial? What happens after a mistrial is declared?
When a trial begins, which side presents its case first, and why?
What are the three main purposes of the Supreme Court?4, What Is the Missouri plan and how does it work?
How does a case get to the Supreme Court? What is the basis for acceptance of an appeal?
Explain the concept of jurisdiction and give four examples of the different types of jurisdiction.
What Is an excuse defense? Give five examples and explain.9 . Explain the M'Naghten rule.
What is a Justification defense? Give three examples and explain them.
What Is the difference between an excuse defense and a justification defense?4, What are the major categories of crimes, and how are crimes classified?. How does the civil law differ procedurally from the criminal law?. Name and explain the different standards for the burden of proof.)6
What are the five elements of the corpus delicti, and why must each be proven?
What are some of the prominent limitations on the criminal law?
Given the Supreme Court's “discovery” of penumbras in the Bill of Rights such as the right to privacy, should this right be extended to assisted suicide for terminally ill patients and/or access to marijuana for medical purposes? Why or why not?
What are the different standards of review in constitutional law, and when are they used?
Why was the Bill of Rights adopted, and what rights are contained in it?
Relate the rule of law to Packer's models of criminal justice.1, How did the Bill of Rights come to be applied to the individual states?
Why is law sometimes at odds with justice? Give an example.
Would you choose to live under a brutal dictator such as Hitler, Stalin, or Saddam Hussein or suffer the chaos of a society without any kind of law?
In what ways can conflict be beneficial to a society? Can conflict actually support consensus?
Do you believe that the “ruling class" (decide for yourselves who these people may be)unfairly pass laws favorable to themselves and detrimental to the rest of us? If they do, what can we do about it?
Give one or two examples of how changing values and/or technology have led to changes in the law.
What do you think are the main differences between legal rules and other kinds of rules?
If the sample size obtained in problems 13 or 14 is larger than the original study size of 189 then use the suggested method for obtaining a larger study to explore the effect the larger study size has on estimated coefficients, standard errors and confidence intervals.
Repeat problem 12 assuming that you plan to use a model that contains age, smoking status during pregnancy and race.
Repeat problem 11 assuming that you plan to use a model that contains age, weight of the mother at the last menstrual period and race.
Consider the low birth weight study. What sample size would be needed in a new study to be able to detect that the odds of a low birth weight baby decrease at a rate of 10 percent per 10 pound increase in weight at the last menstrual period, using a 5 percent type I error probability and 80 percent
Consider the low birth weight study. What sample size would be needed in a new study to be able to detect that the odds of a low birth weight baby among women who smoke during pregnancy is 2.5 times that of women who do not smoke, using a 5 percent type I error probability and 80 percent power?
Evaluate the fit of the usual and exact logistic regression models shown in Table 8.36.
Repeat problem 8 fitting models conta,ining systolic blood pressure(SYS).
Using the data from the ICU Study described in Chapter 1, Section 1.6.1, attempt to fit the usual logistic regression model containing type of admission (TYP) using subjects 25 years of age or younger.Why does the usual MLE have problems in this example? Fit the exact logistic regression model.
Using the covariates in the population average model obtained in problem 5(a) explore alternative ways of including history of a low birth weight baby. For reach model compute and interpret the esti-mate of the odds ratio and a 95 percent confidence interval for the previous low birth weight
Using the cluster-specific and population average models obtained in problem 5(a) explore alternative ways of including the weight of the mother at the last menstrual period. For example, one alterna- tive is to use the weight at the first birth as a cluster level covariate. Others representations
Using the data from the longitudinal low birth weight study and considering all the covariates (be sure to consider the possibility of interactions among the covariates): (a) Find the best cluster-specific and population average models. (b) Evaluate the fit of the two models obtained in problem
The following exercise is designed to enhance the idea expressed in Figure 8.2 and Figure 8.3 that one way to obtain the proportional odds model is via categorization of a continuous variable. (a) Form the scatter plot of BWT versus LWT. (b) Fit the linear regression of BWT on LWT and add the
Using the final models identified in problems 1 and 2 compare the estimates of the coefficients obtained from fitting the multinomial logistic regression model to those obtained from fitting the adja- cent-category, continuation-ratio and proportional odds ordinal lo- gistic regression models. For
The data for the low birth weight study are described in Section 1.6.2. These data are used in Section 8.2 to illustrate ordinal logistic regression models via the four category outcome BWT4,BWT4= [0 if BWT > 3500 1 if 3000 Use the outcome variable BWT4 and fit the multinomial or baseline logistic
Data from the mammography experience study are described in Section 8.1. Use a subset of these data and fit a multinomial logistic regression model. For example, you may choose to use only the first 200 subjects. The purpose of the exercise is to obtain practice when there are more than two

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Applied Logistic Regression 2nd Edition David W. Hosmer, Stanley Lemeshow - Solutions

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