4 . Distinguish between ethical issues and social responsibility issues as they apply to this problem. A study by the International Council on Clean Transportation provides some interesting statistics on the global shipping industry:

• Ships transport more than 90 percent of the world's products (by volume)

• Ships release more sulphur dioxide than all of the world's cars, trucks, and buses oombined

• Only six oountries in the world release more greenhouse gases than ships collectively do

• Ships produce about one-quarter of the entire world's output of nitrogen-oxide emissions (the ones that cause smog)

• Back In 1990, land-based sulphur dioxide emissions In Europe were about 10 times higher than sea-based emissions, but by 2030, sea-based emissions will exceed land-based emissions Pollution from cargo ships is unusually high because they use bunker fuel, which is a tar-like sludge that is len over from the process of reftning petroleum. Bunker fuel releases more pollutants than high-grade fuel, but ship owners use it because it is cheap. And refineries are happy to sell it to shippers because it gives them an outlet for a product that would otherwise not have a market