Thermal Energy Systems Design And Analysis 1st Edition Steven G. Penoncello - Solutions

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Choose a product that continually annoys you. Identify the needs the developers of this product missed. Why do you think these needs were not met? Do you think the developers deliberately ignored these needs?
Observe someone performing an everyday task. (Ideally, you should choose a task for which you can observe different users performing the task repeatedly.) Identify frustrations and difficulties encountered by these people. Identify the latent customer needs.
Translate the following customer statements about a student book bag into proper needs statements:a. “See how the leather on the bottom of the bag is all scratched; it’s ugly.”b. “When I’m standing in line at the cashier trying to find my checkbook while balancing my bag on my knee, I
How might Xerox be able to address the shortage of mechanical design engineers identified by the aggregate project planning analysis shown in Exhibit 4-9? List five ways Xerox could increase the capacity and five ways to reduce the demand for mechanical design engineers.
How do the risks differ between two types of Horizon 2 opportunities, one addressing a current market need and the other using a current solution?
Could a great opportunity identification process result in a product that fails in the market?
Can you really answer the question of whether an opportunity is real (as in the Real-Win-Worth-it criteria) before developing a product concept?
Would consumers make good raters in an opportunity screening process?
What are the advantages and disadvantages of anonymous voting in screening opportunities?
Identify the VRIN resources for a product-based company you admire. What new product opportunities might be enabled by these resources?
Generate 10 opportunities for innovation based on an area of your own personal passion.
Visit a local specialty retail store (e.g., sporting goods, cooking products, electronics)and identify a generic product or commodity that might be “de-commoditized” and differentiated through innovation.
Is it possible for some members of a product development organization to be organized functionally, while others are organized by project? If so, which members of the team would be the most likely candidates for the functional organization?
What is the product development organization for students engaged in projects as part of a product development class?
Is there an analogy between a university and a product development organization? Is a university a functional or project organization?
What role does basic technological research play in the product development process?How would you modify Exhibit 2-3 to better represent the research and technology development activities in product development?
Sketch the organization (in some appropriate graphical representation) of a consulting firm that develops new products for clients on a project-by-project basis. Assume that the individuals in the firm represent all of the different functions required to develop a new product. Would this
What type of development process would you expect to find in an established company successful at developing residential air-conditioning units? How about for a small company that is trying to break into the market for racing wheelchairs?
Define a process for finding a job. For what types of endeavor does a well-defined process enhance performance?
Diagram a process for planning and cooking a family dinner. Does your process resemble the generic product development process? Is cooking dinner analogous to a market-pull, technology-push, platform, process-intensive, customization, high-risk, quick-build, product-service system, or complex
Each of the chapters listed in Exhibit 1-4 presents a method for a portion of the product development process. For each one, consider what types of skills and expertise might be required. Can you make an argument for staffing the development team from start to finish with individuals possessing all
Create a set of scatter charts by plotting each of the rows in Exhibit 1-3 against the development cost row. For each one, explain why there is or is not any correlation.(For example, you would first plot “annual production volume” versus “development cost” and explain why there seems to be
Estimate what fraction of the price of a pocket calculator is required to cover the cost of developing the product. To do this you might start by estimating the information needed to fill out Exhibit 1-3 for the pocket calculator.
1.1 At sea level, a person has a mass of 175 lbm. Determine the weight of this person in newtons (N).
1.2 At sea level on the earth, an astronaut weighs 175 lbf. Determine the astronaut’s weight in pounds·force (lbf):a. On the surface of the moon where g = 1.6 m/s2b. On the surface of Mars where g = 3.7 m/s2
1.3 An automobile travels a distance of 1800 m in 1 minute. Determine the speed of the automobile ina. miles/h (mph)b. km/h (kph)
1.4 A pump is being used in a system that is circulating liquid hexane at 80°F.The volumetric flow rate of the hexane through the pump is 125 gallons/min(gpm). Determine the flow rate of the hexane through the pump ina. L/sb. m3/sc. lbm/hd. kg/s
1.5 A 20% propylene glycol solution is circulating through a system at a temperature of 0°F. Determine the dynamic viscosity of the propylene glycol solution ina. lbm/ft·sb. lbf·h/ft2c. centipoise (cP)
1.6 A 20% propylene glycol solution is circulating through a system at a temperature of 0°F. Determine the kinematic viscosity of the propylene glycol solution ina. ft2/hb. m2/sc. centistokes (cSt)
1.7 The shearing stress for a sample of soy milk at 20°C is characterized by the following experimental data:Derive an equation that relates the shearing stress and the velocity gradient(strain rate), and identify what type of fluid the soy milk is classified as.
1.8 The shearing stress for a pasteurized carrot juice in the temperature range 35°C–85°C is characterized by the following experimental data:Derive an equation that relates the shearing stress and the velocity gradient(strain rate), and identify what type of fluid the carrot juice is
2.1 Design a spreadsheet program that will allow you to compute the interest factors shown in Table 2.2. Use this spreadsheet to calculate the interest factors for a nominal interest rate of 7% compounded quarterly for a period of 6 years.
2.2 Design an interest factor calculator using EES that will allow you to compute the interest factors shown in Table 2.2. Use the EES Diagram Window to input the annual nominal interest rate, compounding periods per year, and number of years. Return the calculated interest factors in the Diagram
2.3 A credit card advertises a nominal interest rate of 12.5% on any outstanding balance. If the interest is compounded monthly, determine the effective interest rate for this credit card.
2.4 Proud parents wish to establish a college savings fund for their newly born child. Monthly deposits will be made into an investment account that provides an annual rate of return of 4% compounded monthly. Four withdrawals from the savings fund will be made to pay for college expenses. The
2.5 A small-scale silver mine in north Idaho is for sale. A mining engineer estimates that at current production levels, the mine will yield an annual net income of $80,000 for 15 years, after which the silver will be exhausted. If an investor’s required rate of return is 15% compounded annually,
2.6 A company has a short-term storage need. A proposal is brought forth to build a temporary warehouse at a cost of $16,000. The annual maintenance and operating cost of the facility is estimated to be $900 per year. Using the temporary storage space saves the company $3600 per year. If the
2.7 For the cash flow diagram shown in Figure P2.7, determine the following:a. The equivalent present value at year 0b. The equivalent future value at year 10c. The equivalent uniform annual value FIGURE P2.7
2.8 The engineering supervisor in a company is recommending the purchase of a new machine for a production line. The machine has an initial cost of $285,000 and is expected to be functional for 20 years. At the end of its life, it can be sold for $80,000. The addition of this machine will increase
2.9 A company has invested in a new machine for its production line. The initial cost of the machine is $9000 and it is expected to last for 5 years with no salvage value at that time. Annual operation costs are anticipated to be relatively constant at $750 per year. However, due to degradation the
2.10 In a chemical processing plant, liquid cyclohexane (ρ = 48.5 lbm/ft3) flows through a piping system (pump, piping, valves, etc.) at a rate of 1200 gpm as it is being transported from one process to the next. The pressure drop through the pipe system is 6.4 psi. The facility is automated and
2.11 A company is considering investing in a new machine for its production line. Management has specified that $150,000 is available to invest in the machine. This money will be invested in a fund that earns 8% annually, compounded quarterly, to pay for the machine, its operation cost, and
P2.12. The heat recovery components are the two heat exchangers; the pump, the flow control valve, and the accompanying piping and fittings.The initial cost of the proposed heat recovery system is $350,000. The annual operation and maintenance costs are projected to be $10,000. The salvage value of
2.13 A company has a need for compressed air in one of its factory operations. A compressor has been selected for this task. The company is now considering three options to drive the compressor. These options are (1) a gasoline engine,(2) a diesel engine, and (3) an electric motor. The required
2.14 A heat treating process (Process 1) can be added to a processing line for $30,000.The annual operating costs are $12,000 and its life is expected to be 8 years with a $10,000 salvage value at that time. An alternative process (Process 2)can be installed for $21,000. Its annual operating costs
2.15 A company is considering the purchase of a computer system for $18,000. The operating costs will be $10,000 per year and the useful life is expected to be 5 years with a salvage value of $5000 at that time. The present annual sales volume should increase by $16,000 as a result of acquiring the
3.1 The open water tank shown in Figure P3.1 is filled through pipe 1 with a velocity of 7 ft/s and through pipe 3 at a volumetric flow rate of 0.2 ft3/s. The density of the water can be taken as 62.4 lbm/ft3. Determine the velocity through pipe 2 required to maintain a constant water level, H.
3.2 If the valve in pipe 1 of Problem 3.1 is suddenly opened to allow a velocity of 12 ft/s, find the instantaneous rate of change of the depth in the tank with time, dH/dt.
3.3 Water enters the covered tank shown in Figure P3.3 with a volumetric flow rate of 5 gpm. The water line has an inside diameter of 0.2423 ft. The air vent on the tank has an inside diameter of 0.1633 ft. The water is at a temperature of 80°F and the air is at 14.5 psia, 80°F. Determine the air
3.4 Refrigerant 134a enters a pipe with an inside diameter of 3.88 cm at 40 kPa, a quality of 0.15, and a velocity of 0.5 m/s. The refrigerant gains heat as it flows through the pipe and exits as a saturated vapor with a drop in pressure of 0.5 kPa. Determine the following:a. Volumetric flow rate
3.5 The American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) specify that the minimum fresh air ventilation requirement for a residential building is 0.35 air changes per hour. This means that in 1 hour, 35% of the air contained in a residence should be replaced by
3.6 The hot water needs of a residence are met by a 20-gal hot water heater rated at 6000 Btu/h. The tank is initially filled with hot water at 175°F. As the hot water supply is drawn from the tank, it is replaced by cold water at 50°F at a flow rate sufficient to keep the tank full at all times.
3.7 Ammonia enters a valve as a saturated liquid at 12 bar with a mass flow rate of 6 kg/min and is steadily throttled to a pressure of 1 bar. Determine the rate of entropy production for this process (in kW/K). If the valve were replaced by a power-recovery turbine operating at steady state,
3.8 Steam leaves the boiler of a power plant at 7 MPa, 500°C as shown in Figure P3.8. As the steam passes to the turbine, there is a small pressure drop due to friction in the pipe and the temperature drops due to a heat loss through the pipe’s insulation. The surface temperature of the pipe
3.9 A two-stage compressor is being used to transport methane as shown in Figure P3.9. The methane enters the first compressor stage at 1 bar, 25°C, a flow rate of 0.4 kg/s, and is compressed to 5 bar. The methane then passes through an intercooler and is cooled back to 25°C with no appreciable
3.10 Consider the two-stage methane compressor with intercooling described in Problem 3.9 with the dead state of 1 bar, 25°C. For this thermal system determine the following:a. Exergy destruction rate in each component (kW)b. Exergetic efficiency of each component
3.11 Air enters an adiabatic nozzle at 230 kPa, 600°C with a velocity of 60 m/s as shown in Figure P3.11. At the nozzle exit, the air is at 70 kPa, 450°C. The dead state can be considered to be 100 kPa, 20°C. Determine the following information:a. Exit velocity of the air (m/s)b. Isentropic
3.12 A household refrigerator sold in the United States has a refrigeration capacity of 0.14 tons. The Energy Star label on the refrigerator indicates that it has an EER of 10.8. Determinea. Power draw of the refrigerator (W)b. COPC of the refrigerator
3.13 A steam power plant’s instantaneous operating conditions are summarized in Table P3.13.For this operating condition determinea. Boiler heat transfer rate (MBtu/h).b. Thermal efficiency of the cycle.c. The heating value of the coal used in this power plant is 28,262 kJ/kg. If the plant
3.14 Show that the COPC and the COPH of a refrigeration cycle are related by the following expression:COPH = COPC + 1 Start with a sketch of the refrigeration cycle as shown in Figure 3.10 to develop your solution.
3.15 A refrigeration cycle is operating as a heat pump. The source temperature is at the dead state, T0, and the sink is at TH. Show that the exergetic efficiency of this heat pump cycle can be written as = − = Q WT TCOP COP x,hp 1 Hcycle 0H HH,Carnot
3.16 In Example 3.15, it was demonstrated that refrigeration cycles utilizing a heat input to accomplish refrigeration tend to have a low COPC, but a higher exergetic efficiency compared to vapor compression refrigeration cycles using electricity to run a compressor. Consider the combined cycle
3.17 Consider the cycle described in Problem 3.16. The heat transfers in the cycle are occurring at boundary temperatures defined as follows:( )( )( )− = =− = =− = =T T T T T T T T T 5 K boiler boundary temperature 2 K condenser boundary temperature 2 K evaporator boundary temperature b,b 1
4.1 Consider an 8-nom commercial steel pipe carrying propylene at 40°F. The volumetric flow rate of the propylene is 800 gpm. Complete Table P4.1 showing the variation of the propylene parameters inside the pipe as a function of the pipe schedule used.
4.2 Liquid Refrigerant 123 (R-123) at 50°C is passing through a ½-std copper tube at a flow rate of 1200 kg/h. Complete Table P4.2 showing the variation of the R-123 parameters inside the tube as a function of the type of tubing used.
4.3 A 10-nom sch 40 horizontal commercial steel pipe is being used to transport octane. The pipe is 200 ft long. The octane is at 50°F and is flowing at 600 gpm. Determine the pressure drop (psi) of the octane as it flows through the pipe.
4.4 Cyclohexane is flowing through a 4-std type L copper tube. The tube is 200 m long and the outlet is 10 m higher than the inlet. The pressure drop through the tube is 90 kPa. The cyclohexane is at a temperature of 30°C. Determine the volumetric flow rate (L/s) of the cyclohexane through the
4.5 Water is flowing through a 2½-nom xs cast iron pipe at a rate of 5 L/s. The pipe is 75 m long and its outlet is 6 m higher than the inlet. The water is at a temperature of 25°C. Determine the pressure drop of the water through the pipe.
4.6 A 10% ethylene glycol solution is flowing through a 4-nom sch 80 commercial steel pipe. The pipe is 350 ft long and is horizontal. The pressure drop through the pipe is 3 psi. The ethylene glycol is at a temperature of 20°F.a. Determine the volumetric flow rate of the ethylene glycol (gpm).b.
4.7 A fuel line made of type M copper tube is 20 ft long. Diesel fuel (modeled as dodecane) at 80°F is being transported through the line and the line is horizontal.The required flow rate of the fuel is 1300 ft3/h and the allowable pressure drop in the line is 2 psi. Specify the appropriate size
4.9 The Alaskan pipeline runs 798 miles from Prudhoe Bay to Valdez. Both cities are at sea level. The design specifications for the pipeline require a capacity of 2.4 million barrels per day (1 barrel = 42 gallons). The crude oil is maintained at 140°F in the pipeline. At this temperature, the oil
4.10 Fluid flow can cause excessive wear on the inside surface of a pipe, resulting in a much rougher surface over time. This increased surface roughness results in a larger pressure drop, which requires more pumping energy to move the fluid compared to a new pipe. Consider an expensive 14-nom sch
4.11 A gravity-feed piping system between two large tanks is used to transport a 20% magnesium chloride solution as shown in Figure P4.11. The magnesium chloride is at 80°F and the tanks are open to the atmosphere. The piping system is 2½-nom sch 40 commercial steel. All fittings and valves are
4.12 A tilting disc check valve is to be installed in a 4-nom sch 40 steel pipeline.For the valve being considered, the angle α = 15°. The fluid being transported through the pipeline is a 20% ethylene glycol solution at a 20°F. The volumetric flow rate of the ethylene glycol is 180 gpm.a.
4.13 A stop-check angle valve is to be installed in a 3-nom sch 40 steel pipeline.For the valve being considered, β = 1. The fluid being transported through the pipeline is water at 60°F. The volumetric flow rate of the water is 150 gpm.a. Specify the size and ASME class of the check valve
4.14 A 1¼-nom class 400 wye fitting with equal leg diameters has 40 gpm of acetone flowing into the fitting. Seventy percent of the flow leaves the fitting through the straight run and the remaining flow leaves through the branch that is at an angle of 30° to the straight run. Determine the total
4.15 Figure P4.15 shows a pump and pipe network being used to transport heptane at 90°F to a large, elevated storage tank that is closed, but vented to ensure that the pressure above the heptane is atmospheric. The volumetric flow rate of the heptane is 500 gpm.a. Determine the pressure drop (psi)
4.16 A 40% propylene glycol solution at 25°C is being delivered from a large storage tank with the gravity-feed pipe network shown in Figure P4.16. A concentric reducer is used to reduce the pipe size from 3-nom sch 40 to 2-nom sch 40 as shown in the figure. All pipes are commercial steel.
4.17 A large elevated tank (Tank 1) is being used to supply water at 60°F to two tanks at a lower elevation (Tanks 2 and 3) as shown in Figure P4.17. All pipes are 5-nom sch 40 commercial steel and the globe valve is wide opened. The straight lengths of the piping in Sections AB, BC, and BD are
4.18 A pump is being used to deliver water at 65°F to two elevated tanks as shown in Figure P4.18. The pump is delivering a volumetric flow rate of 450 gpm. All pipes are 2½-nom sch 40 commercial steel. The straight lengths of the piping in sections AB, BC, and BD are indicated in the figure. The
4.19 A commercial steel pipe is being designed to transport liquid benzene at 185°F, 120 psia to a heat exchanger at a flow rate of 850 gpm. The fittings, valves, supports, and pump are estimated to cost six times the installed pipe cost per foot. Annual maintenance is estimated to be 1.5% of the
4.20 A commercial steel schedule 40 pipe (class 300) is being used to transport liquid cyclohexane at 70°F, 80 psia at a volumetric flow rate of 1000 gpm.The fittings, valves, supports, and pump are estimated to cost 6.9 times the installed pipe cost per foot. Annual maintenance is estimated to be
4.21 A centrifugal pump is being used to deliver 200 gpm of water at 60°F. The pump head is determined to be 25 ft and its efficiency is 60%. Determine the brake horsepower input to the pump.
4.22 A centrifugal pump delivers 60 L/s of toluene at 30°C. The pump head is found to be 15 m and its efficiency is 48%. Determine the shaft power input to the pump (kW).
4.23 A centrifugal pump is being used to transport 440 gpm of benzene at 80°F. The suction pipe inlet to the pump is 6-nom sch 40 and the pump discharge pipe is 5-nom sch 40. Pressure gauges on the suction and discharge ports of the pump indicate −4 psig and 55 psig, respectively. The elevation
4.24 A centrifugal pump is being used to transport 20 L/s of a 20% ethylene glycol solution at 20°C. The suction pipe inlet to the pump is 2½-nom sch 40 and the pump discharge pipe is 2-nom sch 40. Pressure gauges on the suction and discharge ports of the pump indicate −10 kPa and 180 kPa,
4.25 A closed-loop pipe system similar to Figure 4.17 is being designed. At 300 gpm, the system curve indicates that the pump head is 120 ft. A 3 × 3 × 7B Bell &Gossett Series 80-SC pump operating at 3525 rpm is to be specified for this application.a. Specify the impeller diameter for this
4.27 Water from a river is to be pumped to an irrigation ditch as shown in Figure P4.27. The water temperature is 55°F. The elevation difference between the river and the surface of the water in the irrigation ditch is 40 ft. A hingeddisc foot valve with a strainer serves two functions: (1) it
4.28 Two Bell & Gossett Series 80-SC 3 × 3 × 7B pumps with 5½-in. impellers are connected together in parallel. Both pumps are operating at 3525 rpm. This parallel pump combination is connected to a pipe system that has an elevation difference (outlet to inlet) of 40 ft. At a flow rate of 500
4.29 Two Bell & Gossett Series 80-SC 2 × 2 × 7 pumps operating at 1750 rpm are connected in parallel. A third pump, a Bell & Gossett Series 80-SC 2 × 2 × 7 pump operating at 3500 rpm is connected in series with the parallel pumps as shown in Figure P4.29.This composite pump combination is
4.30 Water at 70°F is being drawn from a large tank at a rate of 265 gpm as shown in Figure P4.30. The suction pipe is 3-nom sch 40 commercial steel. The total length of the suction line is 50 ft. The pump to be used is an inline pump. The particular pump selected has a required NPSH of 7 ft.
4.31 An inline pump is being used to transport water from a large tank. The water is at a temperature of 20°C and is being delivered at a rate of 45 L/s. The suction line is 6-nom sch 40 commercial steel pipe that is 40 m long. The NPSH required by the pump is 3.2 m. Atmospheric pressure is 1
4.32 A centrifugal pump is tested in the laboratory. The pump has a 6-in. impeller and is operating at 3500 rpm. With water as the fluid, test results indicate that the pump delivers 280 gpm at 110 ft of head. Using the affinity laws, predict what the pump capacity and head would be if the
4.33 A centrifugal pump is being tested with water at 60°F. The pump is operating at 1150 rpm and has a 7-in. impeller. Performance test results indicate that the pump delivers 80 gpm at a head of 32 ft with a power draw of 2.5 hp. Using the affinity laws, predict what the pump capacity, head, and
4.34 Laboratory experiments indicate that a centrifugal pump operating with a 7-in. impeller at 1150 rpm delivers 60 gpm of water at 60°F with a head of 27 ft. At this condition, the pump draws 1.8 hp. The affinity laws are now used to predict the performance of this pump at 1750 rpm. Conduct a
4.35 A Bell & Gossett Series 80SC 4 × 4 × 9½ model pump is delivering 400 gpm while operating at 1750 rpm with an impeller diameter of 8½ in. The pump’s impeller is now changed to an 8-in. diameter size, and its operational speed is adjusted to 1150 rpm using a variable speed drive.a. Using
5.1 The plates in a PFHX are made of Inconel 600 (k = 16 W/m K) and are 1.5 mm thick. The convective heat transfer coefficients on hot and cold sides of the plate are 750 and 580 W/m2 K, respectively. Determine the percent error in the heat flux through the plate that would result if the thermal
5.2 The plates in a PFHX are made of Monel 200 (k = 38.1 Btu/h·ft·°F) and are 0.04 in. thick. The convective heat transfer coefficients on hot and cold sides of the plate are 130 and 105 Btu/h·ft2·°F, respectively. Determine the percent error in the heat flux through the plate that would
5.3 A 2½-nom sch 40S stainless steel pipe (k = 16.5 W/m K) is being used in a heat exchanger application. The pipe is 4 m long. The convective heat transfer coefficients on the inside and outside of the pipe are 1575 and 1950 W/m2 K, respectively.The fouling factor on each side of the pipe is
5.4 The convective heat transfer coefficients on the inside and outside of a½-std type L copper tube are 520 and 180 Btu/h·ft2·°F, respectively. The tube is 6 ft long. Ethylene glycol is on the outside of the tube and Refrigerant-22 is on the inside. Determine the UA product for this pipe.

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Thermal Energy Systems Design And Analysis 1st Edition Steven G. Penoncello - Solutions

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