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statistics principles and methods

Statistics The Exploration And Analysis Of Data 6th Edition John M Scheb, Jay Devore, Roxy Peck - Solutions

=+c. Would it be reasonable to use the paired t test with the data on percentage of students taking one or more AP classes? Explain.
=+b. Do you think it is reasonable to generalize the conclusion of the test in Part (a) to all California high schools?Explain.
=+a. Assuming it is reasonable to regard these seven schools as a random sample of high schools located on the central coast of California, carry out an appropriate test to determine if there is convincing evidence that the mean percentage of exams earning college credit at central coast high
=+AP Exams Credit School 1997 2002 1997 2002 1 13.6 18.4 61.4 52.8 2 20.7 25.9 65.3 74.5 3 8.9 13.7 65.1 72.4 4 17.2 22.4 65.9 61.9 5 18.3 43.5 42.3 62.7 6 9.8 11.4 60.4 53.5 7 15.7 17.2 42.9 62.2
=+grades 11 and 12 taking one or more AP exams and the percentage of exams that earned credit in 1997 and 2002 for seven high schools on the central coast of California.Percentage of Percentage of Students Taking Exams That One or More Earned College
=+11.38 ● The article “More Students Taking AP Tests”(San Luis Obispo Tribune, January 10, 2003) provided the following information on the percentage of students in
=+c. Briefly explain why a different conclusion was reached in the hypothesis tests of Parts (a) and (b).
=+b. Suppose that the standard deviation of the differences was 25 degrees. Is there convincing evidence that the mean wrist extension for mouse type A is greater than for mouse type B? Use a .05 significance level.
=+11.39 ● The Oregon Department of Health web site provides information on the cost-to-charge ratio (the percentage of billed charges that are actual costs to the hospital).The cost-to-charge ratios for both inpatient and outpatient care in 2002 for a sample of six hospitals in Oregon
=+Is there evidence that the mean cost-to-charge ratio for Oregon hospitals is lower for outpatient care than for inpatient care? Use a significance level of .05.
=+the percentage of public school students who were at or above the proficient level in mathematics testing in 1996 and 2000. Explain why it is not necessary to use an inference procedure such as the paired t test if you want to know if the mean percentage proficient for the 50 states increased
=+11.41 The article “Report: Mixed Progress in Math”(USA Today, August 3, 2001) gave data for all 50 states on
=+T-Test of mean difference = 0 (vs > 0): T-Value = 3.17 P-Value = 0.001
=+Paired T for Age8 – Age3 N Mean StDev SE Mean Age8 50 97.21 16.97 2.40 Age3 50 87.30 13.84 1.96 Difference 50 9.91 22.11 3.13
=+to determine if there is evidence that the mean verbal ability score for children born prematurely increases between age 3 and age 8. You may assume that it is reasonable to regard the sample of 50 children as a random sample from the population of all children born prematurely.Paired T-Test
=+test is scaled so that a score of 100 would be average for a normal-birth-weight child. Data that are consistent with summary quantities given in the paper for 50 children who were born prematurely were used to generate the accompanying MINITAB output, where Age3 represents the verbal ability
=+The article “Premature Babies May Recover Intelligence, Study Says” (San Luis Obispo Tribune, February 12, 2003)summarized the results of medical research that suggests that the deficit observed at an early age may decrease as children age. Children who were born prematurely were given a test
=+11.40 Babies born extremely prematurely run the risk of various neurological problems and tend to have lower IQ and verbal ability scores than babies that are not premature.
=+a. Suppose that the standard deviation of the differences was 10 degrees. Is there convincing evidence that the mean wrist extension for mouse type A is greater than for mouse type B? Use a .05 significance level.
=+11.37 Two proposed computer mouse designs were compared by recording wrist extension in degrees for 24 people who each used both mouse types (“Comparative Study of Two Computer Mouse Designs,” Cornell Human Factors Laboratory Technical Report RP7992). The difference in wrist extension was
=+B 1928 2549 2825 1924 1628 2175 P 2126 2885 2895 1942 1750 2184 Subject 7 8 9 10 B 2114 2621 1843 2541 P 2164 2626 2006 2627
=+a sample of mothers both during breast feeding (B) and in the postweaning period (P). Do the data suggest that true average total body bone mineral content during postweaning exceeds that during breast feeding by more than 25 g?State and test the appropriate hypotheses using a significance
=+11.33 ● Breast feeding sometimes results in a temporary loss of bone mass as calcium is depleted in the mother’s body to provide for milk production. The paper “Bone Mass Is Recovered from Lactation to Postweaning in Adolescent Mothers with Low Calcium Intakes” (American Journal of
=+11.2 ■ Two Means Using Paired Samples 505 Bold exercises answered in back ● Data set available online but not required Time to Exhaustion (minutes)Cyclist 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Chocolate Milk 24.85 50.09 38.30 26.11 36.54 26.14 36.13 47.35 35.08 Carbohydrate Replacement 10.02 29.96 37.40 15.52
=+Swimmer Water Guar Syrup 1 0.90 0.92 2 0.92 0.96 3 1.00 0.95 4 1.10 1.13 5 1.20 1.22 6 1.25 1.20 7 1.25 1.26 8 1.30 1.30 9 1.35 1.34 10 1.40 1.41 11 1.40 1.44 12 1.50 1.52 13 1.65 1.58 14 1.70 1.70 15 1.75 1.80 16 1.80 1.76 17 1.80 1.84 18 1.85 1.89 19 1.90 1.88 20 1.95 1.95
=+a specified distance in a water-filled pool and in a pool where the water was thickened with food grade guar gum to create a syrup-like consistency. Velocity, in meters per second, was recorded. Values estimated from a graph that appeared in the paper are given. The authors of the paper concluded
=+11.32 ● The humorous paper “Will Humans Swim Faster or Slower in Syrup?” (American Institute of Chemical Engineers Journal [2004]: 2646–2647) investigates the fluid mechanics of swimming. Twenty swimmers each swam
=+a Recovery Aid” (Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise [2004], S126) appear in the table below. Is there evidence that the mean time to exhaustion is greater after chocolate milk than after carbohydrate replacement drink?Use a significance level of .05.
=+11.34 ● A deficiency of the trace element selenium in the diet can negatively impact growth, immunity, muscle and neuromuscular function, and fertility. The introduction of selenium supplements to dairy cows is justified when pastures have low selenium levels. Authors of the paper “Effects
=+Initial Measurement After 9 Days Treatment Control Treatment Control 11.4 9.1 138.3 9.3 9.6 8.7 104.0 8.8 10.1 9.7 96.4 8.8 8.5 10.8 89.0 10.1 10.3 10.9 88.0 9.6 10.6 10.6 103.8 8.6 11.8 10.1 147.3 10.4 9.8 12.3 97.1 12.4 10.9 8.8 172.6 9.3 10.3 10.4 146.3 9.5
=+11.36 ● The report of a European commission on radiation protection titled “Cosmic Radiation Exposure of Aircraft Crew” (2004) measured the exposure to radiation on eight international flights from Madrid using several different methods for measuring radiation. Data for two of the methods
=+c. The authors asserted that pitchers have greater difference in mean anteroposterior translation of their shoulders than do position players. Do you agree? Explain.
=+a. Estimate the true average difference in translation between dominant and nondominant arms for pitchers using a 95% confidence interval.b. Estimate the true average difference in translation between dominant and nondominant arms for position players using a 95% confidence interval.
=+11.35 ● The paper “Quantitative Assessment of Glenohumeral Translation in Baseball Players” (The American Journal of Sports Medicine [2004]: 1711–1715) considered various aspects of shoulder motion for a sample of pitchers and another sample of position players. The authors kindly
=+c. Would you use the paired t test of this section to determine if there was a significant difference in the initial mean selenium concentration for the control group and the treatment group? Explain why or why not.
=+b. Are the data for the cows in the control group (no selenium supplement) consistent with the hypothesis of no significant change in mean selenium concentration over the 9-day period?
=+a. Use the given data for the treatment group to determine if there is there sufficient evidence to conclude that the mean selenium concentration is greater after 9 days of the selenium supplement.
=+Initial Measurement After 9 Days Treatment Control Treatment Control 10.2 10.9 99.0 8.4 11.4 10.4 122.3 8.7 9.2 11.6 103.0 12.5 10.6 10.9 117.8 9.1 10.8 121.5 8.2 93.0
=+11.42 Do girls think they don’t need to take as many science classes as boys? The article “Intentions of Young Students to Enroll in Science Courses in the Future: An Examination of Gender Differences” (Science Education [1999]:55–76) gives information from a survey of children in
=+11.1 Consider two populations for which m1 5 30, s1 5 2, m2 5 25, and s2 5 3. Suppose that two independent random samples of sizes n1 5 40 and n2 5 50 are selected. Describe the approximate sampling distribution of(center, spread, and shape).
=+37 degrees Dry 302.1, 339.2, 288.8, 306.8, 305.2, 327.5 22 degrees Wet 385.3, 368.3, 322.6, 307.4, 357.9, 321.4 37 degrees Wet 363.5, 377.7, 327.7, 331.9, 338.1, 394.6
=+Test as a Technique for Characterizing the Mechanical Properties of Acrylic Bone Cement” (Journal of Engineering in Medicine [2006]: 11–21).)Temperature Medium Data on Breaking Force 22 degrees Dry 100.8, 141.9, 194.8, 118.4, 176.1, 213.1
=+11.9 ● Acrylic bone cement is commonly used in total joint replacement to secure the artificial joint. Data on the force (measured in Newtons, N) required to break a cement bond under two different temperature conditions and in two different mediums appear in the accompanying table. (These
=+nonworking students at the University of Central Florida.Does this information support the hypothesis that for students at this university, those who are not employed have a higher mean GPA than those who are employed?
=+Students Who Are Employed 184 3.12 .485 Students Who Are Not Employed 114 3.23 .524 The samples were selected at random from working and
=+who worked and for a sample of students who did not work (University of Central Florida Undergraduate Research Journal, Spring 2005):Sample Mean Standard Size GPA Deviation
=+i. t 5 5.00 ii. t 5 2.65 iii. t 5 2.33 iv. t 5 1.47 11.8 In a study of the effect of college student employment on academic performance, the following summary statistics for GPA were reported for a sample of students
=+b. Which of the following could have been the value of the test statistic for the hypothesis test? Explain your reasoning.
=+a. Estimate the difference between the mean breaking force in a dry medium at 37 degrees and the mean breaking force at the same temperature in a wet medium using a 90% confidence interval.
=+b. Is there sufficient evidence to conclude that the mean breaking force in a dry medium at the higher temperature is greater than the mean breaking force at the lower temperature by more than 100 N? Test the relevant hypotheses using a significance level of .10.
=+a. The police car was considered a “masculine toy.” Do these data provide convincing evidence that the mean percentage of the time spent playing with the police car is greater for male monkeys than for female monkeys?
=+in the paper) for the percentage of the time that a monkey spent playing with a particular toy. Assume that it is reasonable to regard these two samples of 44 monkeys as representative of the population of male and female monkeys. Use a .05 significance level for any hypothesis tests that you
=+findings published in the paper “Sex Differences in Response to Children’s Toys in Nonhuman Primates” (Evolution and Human Behavior [2002] 467–479). Forty-four male monkeys and 44 female monkeys were each given a variety of toys, and the time spent playing with each toy was recorded.
=+11.11 A newspaper story headline reads “Gender Plays Part in Monkeys’ Toy Choices, Research Finds—Like Humans, Male Monkeys Choose Balls and Cars, While Females Prefer Dolls and Pots” (Knight Ridder Newspapers, December 8, 2005). The article goes on to summarize
=+recorded. The accompanying data are approximate values read from a graph that appeared in the Nature article. Do these data support the researchers’ hypothesis that the mean percentage of the time spent with the previous partner is significantly greater for genetically altered voles than for
=+partner for 24 hours. At the end of the 24 hour period, the male was placed in a situation where he could choose either the partner from the previous 24 hours or a different female. The percentage of the time during a three-hour trial that the male spent with his previous partner was
=+11 male meadow voles who had a single gene introduced into a specific part of the brain were compared to 20 male meadow voles who did not undergo this genetic manipulation. All of the voles were paired with a receptive female
=+11.10 ● The article “Genetic Tweak Turns Promiscuous Animals Into Loyal Mates” (Los Angeles Times, June 17, 2004) summarizes the results of a research study that appeared in the June 2004 issue of Nature. In this study,
=+a. What hypotheses must the researchers have tested in order to reach the stated conclusion?
=+889 claims that were found to involve errors (New England Journal of Medicine [2006]: 2024–2033). The following statement appeared in the referenced paper: “When claims not involving errors were compensated, payments were significantly lower on average than were payments for claims involving
=+11.4 Each person in a random sample of 228 male teenagers and a random sample of 306 female teenagers was asked how many hours he or she spent online in a typical week (Ipsos, January 25, 2006). The sample mean and standard deviation were 15.1 hours and 11.4 hours for males and 14.1 and 11.8 for
=+b. The paper indicates that the null hypothesis from Part(a) was rejected and reports that the P-value is less than.05. Carry out the two-sample t test. Is your conclusion consistent with that of the paper?x1 2 x2
=+a. The authors of this paper used a two-sample t test to test H0: m1 2 m2 5 0 versus Ha: m1 2 m2 Þ 0. What assumptions must be reasonable in order for this to be an appropriate method of analysis?
=+normal-to-normal beat interval)Standard Mean Deviation Owns Dog 873 136 Does Not Own Dog 800 134
=+heart attack patients who were dog owners and 80 heart attack patients who did not own a dog participated in a study of the effect of pet ownership on HRV, resulting in the summary statistics shown in the accompanying table(“Relati hi B t P t O hi d H t R t Variab The Am
=+11.3 ▼ Reduced heart rate variability (HRV) is known to be a predictor of mortality after a heart attack. One measure of HRV is the average of normal-to-normal beat interval(in milliseconds) for a 24-hour time period. Twenty-two
=+a. If m1 refers to the scenic route and m2 to the nonscenic route, what hypotheses should be tested?b. If m1 refers to the nonscenic route and m2 to the scenic route, what hypotheses should be tested?
=+11.2 An individual can take either a scenic route to work or a nonscenic route. She decides that use of the nonscenic route can be justified only if it reduces true average travel time by more than 10 min.
=+a. The standard deviation for each of the samples is large, indicating a lot of variability in the responses to the question. Explain why it is not reasonable to think that the distribution of responses would be approximately normal for either the population of male teenagers or the population
=+b. Given your response to Part (a), would it be appropriate to use the two-sample t test to test the null hypothesis that there is no difference in the mean number of hours spent online in a typical week for male teenagers and female teenagers? Explain why or why not.
=+11.7 In a study of malpractice claims where a settlement had been reached, two random samples were selected: a random sample of 515 closed malpractice claims that were found not to involve medical errors and a random sample of
=+a. What assumptions about the two samples must be reasonable in order for the use of the two-sample t confidence interval to be appropriate?b. Use the given information to estimate the difference in mean daily calorie intake for teens who do eat fast food on a typical day and those who do not.
=+that they did not eat fast food during a typical day, the mean daily calorie intake was 2258 and the sample standard deviation was 1519. For a sample of 413 teens who reported that they did eat fast food on a typical day, the mean calorie intake was 2637 and the standard deviation was 1138.
=+11.6 The paper “Effects of Fast-Food Consumption on Energy Intake and Diet Quality Among Children in a National Household Survey” (Pediatrics [2004]: 112–118)investigated the effect of fast-food consumption on other dietary variables. For a sample of 663 teens who reported
=+Sample Sample Size s Size s 247 29.6 24.3 253 27.3 24.0
=+11.5 Each person in random samples of 247 male and 253 female working adults living in Calgary, Canada was asked how long, in minutes, his or her typical daily commute was (“Calgary Herald Traffic Study,” Ipsos, September 17, 2005). Use the accompanying summary statistics and an appropriate
=+online in a typical week is greater for male teenagers than for female teenagers. Use a .05 significance level.
=+c. If appropriate, carry out a test to determine if there is convincing evidence that the mean number of hours spent
=+b. The doll was considered a “feminine toy.” Do these data provide convincing evidence that the mean percentage of the time spent playing with the doll is greater for female monkeys than for male monkeys?
=+c. The furry dog was considered a “neutral toy.” Do these data provide convincing evidence that the mean percentage of the time spent playing with the furry dog is not the same for male and female monkeys?
=+c. Is there sufficient evidence to conclude that the mean“appropriateness” score assigned to talking on a cell phone differs for students and faculty? Does the result of your test imply that students and faculty consider it acceptable to talk on a cell phone during class?
=+b. Is there sufficient evidence to conclude that the mean“appropriateness” score assigned to addressing an instructor by his or her first name is higher for students than for faculty?
=+a. Is there sufficient evidence to conclude that the mean“appropriateness” score assigned to wearing a hat in class differs for students and faculty?
=+the classroom 2.80 3.63 Addressing instructor by first name 2.90 2.11 Talking on a cell phone 1.11 1.10 x
=+516). Each individual in a random sample of 173 students in general education classes at a large public university was asked to judge various behaviors on a scale from 1(totally inappropriate) to 5 (totally appropriate). Individuals in a random sample of 98 faculty members also rated the same
=+11.15 Do faculty and students have similar perceptions of what types of behavior are inappropriate in the classroom?This question was examined by the author of the article“Faculty and Student Perceptions of Classroom Etiquette”(Journal of College Student Development (1998): 515–
=+c. Assuming that each sample size was 50, carry out a test to determine if there is a significant difference in mean fumonisin level for the two types of corn meal. Use a significance level of .01.
=+b. Suppose instead that each of the samples had included 50 corn meal specimens. Explain why it would now be reasonable to carry out a two-sample t test.
=+11.16 Does clear-cutting of trees in an area cause local extinction of the tailed frog? We don’t really know, but an article that begins to address that issue attempts to quantify aspects of the habitat and microhabitat of streams with and without tailed frogs. The following data are
=+Stream gradient (%) 18 9.1 6.00 Water temp. (8C) 18 12.2 1.71 Microhabitat Characteristics Depth (cm) 82 5.32 2.27 Sites Without Tailed Frogs n s Habitat Characteristics
=+how many science courses they intend to take. The following data were obtained:Standard n Mean Deviation Males 203 3.42 1.49 Females 224 2.42 1.35
=+11.17 Are girls less inclined to enroll in science courses than boys? One study (“Intentions of Young Students to Enroll in Science Courses in the Future: An Examination of Gender Differences” (Science Education [1999]: 55–76)asked randomly selected fourth-, fifth-, and sixth-graders
=+c. The article reported that the two depth distributions are both quite skewed. Does this imply that it would be unreasonable to use the independent samples t test to compare the mean depth for the two types of streams? If not, carry out a test to determine whether the sample data support the
=+b. Is there evidence of a difference in the mean water temperature between streams with and streams without tailed frogs?
=+distribution of stream gradients is approximately normal for both types of streams. It is possible for gradient percentage to be either positive or negative, so the fact that the mean 22 standard deviations is negative is not, by itself, an indication of nonnormality in this case.)
=+a. Is there evidence of a difference in mean stream gradient between streams with and streams without tailed frogs? (Note: Assume that it is reasonable to think that the
=+Assume that the habitats and microhabitats examined were selected independently and at random from those that have tailed frogs and those that do not have tailed frogs.Use a significance level of .01 for any hypothesis tests required to answer the following questions.
=+Stream gradient (%) 31 5.9 6.29 Water temp. (8C) 31 12.8 1.33 Microhabitat Characteristics Depth (cm) 267 8.46 5.95
=+a. If the given means and standard deviations had been based on a random sample of 10 partially degermed specimens and a random sample of 10 specimens made from corn that was not degermed, explain why it would not be appropriate to carry out a two-sample t test to determine if there is a
=+the U.S. Food and Drug Administration’s web site are given here.s Partially Degermed .59 1.01 Not Degermed 1.21 1.71

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