In an experiment to investigate the effect of the portrayal of female characters in superhero movies, researchers randomly assigned female college students to one of three groups (?The Empowering (Super) Heroine? The Effects of Sexualized Female Characters in Superhero Films on Women,? Sex Roles [2015]: 211?220). One group was a control group, one group watched 13 minutes of video scenes from the movie Spider-Man (where a sexy female character was portrayed as a victim), and one group watched 13 minutes of video scenes from the movie X-Men (where a sexy female character was portrayed as a heroine). The women in the control group did not watch a video. The women in all three groups then completed a questionnaire and their answers were used to calculate a measure of gender stereotyping, with lower values indicating attitudes more accepting of equality of women and men.

The researchers used a one-way ANOVA to analyze the data. The following Minitab ANOVA output and summary statistics are based on data consistent with information and conclusions from the paper.?

a. Use the given output to test the null hypothesis of no difference in the means for gender stereotyping score for the three different treatment groups. Use a significance level of 0.05.

b. Use the Tukey-Kramer procedure to calculate 95% simultaneous confidence intervals for all relevant differences between means and give the corresponding underscore pattern.

c. Describe what you learn from the results of the Tukey-Kramer procedure.

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Analysis of Variance Source DF Adj ss Adj MS F-Value P-Value Factor 3.264 1.6321 3.34 0.041 Error 79 38.632 0.4890 Total 81 41.896 Means Factor Mean StDev 95% CI Control 29 2.668 0.673 (2.409, 2.926) Spider Man 30 3.120 0.800 (2.866, 3.374) X-Men 23 3.020 0.580 (2.730, 3.310)