1.6 Determine whether procedures for analyzing categorical data are needed to address each of the following research questions. Provide a rationale for each of your answers by identifying the dependent and independent variables as well as the scale that might have been used to measure each variable.

a. A researcher would like to determine whether a student will complete high school based on the student’s grade point average.

b. A researcher would like to determine whether students who complete high school have a different grade point average than students who do not complete high school.

c. A researcher would like to determine whether the families of students who attend college have a higher annual income than the families of students who do not attend college.

d. A researcher would like to determine whether a student will attend college based on his or her family’s annual income.