5.9 Use the data in Table 5.17, obtained from the 2003 PISA study, and combine the categories of every lesson and most lessons, as well the categories of some lessons and never or hardly never. Similarly, combine the categories of strongly agree and agree, as well as the categories of strongly disagree and disagree. Once combined, answer the following questions using the resulting 2 × 2 × 3 table:

a. Is there evidence that the association between self-efficacy in math and perception of teaching methods depends on country? Report the appropriate test statistic to support your answer.

b. Given your answer to part (a), does it make sense to conduct the CMH test for these data? Why or why not?