How do \(2 p\) orbitals differ from each other? How do \(2 p\) and \(3 p\) orbitals differ from each other? What is a nodal surface in an atomic orbital? What is wrong with \(1 p, 1 d, 2 d\), \(1 f, 2 f\), and \(3 f\) orbitals? Explain what we mean when we say that a \(4 s\) electron is more penetrating than a \(3 d\) electron.