Since soap and detergent action is hindered by hard water, laundry formulations usually include water softenerscalled buildersdesigned

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Since soap and detergent action is hindered by hard water, laundry formulations usually include water softeners—called builders—designed to remove hard water ions (especially Ca2+ and Mg2+) from the water. A common builder used in North America is sodium carbonate. Suppose that the hard water used to do laundry contains 75 ppm Ca2+ (reported as CaCO3). What mass of Na2CO3 is required to remove 90.0% of these ions from 10.0 L of laundry water?

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