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In the lime soda process at one time used in large scale municipal water softening, calcium hydroxide

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In the lime soda process at one time used in large scale municipal water softening, calcium hydroxide prepared from lime and sodium carbonate are added to precipitate Ca2+ as CaCO3(s) and Mg2+ as Mg(OH)2 (s):

Ca2+(aq) + CO32-(aq) ⇌ CaCO3(s)

Mg2+(aq) + 2OH-(aq) ⇌ MgOH2 (aq)

How many moles of Ca(OH)2 and Na2CO3 should be added to soften 1200L of water in which

[Ca2+] = 5.0 × 10-4 M 

[Mg2+] = 7.0 × 10-4 M?

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042 mol CaOH 2 removes 042 mol of the 060 mol Ca 2 aq in the sample Th...View the full answer


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Authors: Theodore E. Brown, H. Eugene LeMay, Bruce E. Bursten, Catherine Murphy, Patrick Woodward, Matthew E. Stoltzfus

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The experiment aims to show the impact of various beverages on teeth by using eggs as a representation of enamel. Three eggs are boiled and then placed in glasses filled with fizzy drinks, vinegar, and mango juice for 24 hours. The shells of eggs are similar to enamel as they are composed of calcium carbonate, and enamel is primarily made of calcium phosphate. The eggs are then observed to demonstrate the effects of the different liquids on teeth and the importance of brushing regularly. The egg placed in fizzy drink has turned dark in color but can be cleaned by brushing with toothpaste and rinsing with water. The egg placed in vinegar has had its shell softened due to the chemical reaction of vinegar and calcium carbonate, which can\'t be reversed. This highlights the fact that acids are more damaging to teeth than other substances. The egg placed in mango juice represents the process of bacteria in the mouth converting sugars and starches into acids that form plaque, which can be prevented by brushing. The use of fluoride in toothpaste is also highlighted as it slows down the demineralization process and protects the enamel. The importance of brushing teeth twice a day is emphasized.

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