What causes spherical aberration? (a) Light is an electromagnetic wave and has intrinsic diffraction properties. (b) Different

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What causes spherical aberration?
(a) Light is an electromagnetic wave and has intrinsic diffraction properties.
(b) Different wavelengths of light give different angles of refraction at the lens-air interface. 

(c) The lens surface is not perfectly smooth.

(d) The outer edges of the lens produce a focus at a different point from that formed by the central portion of the lens.

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