For each of the following capital asset dispositions, determine whether the taxpayer has realized a gain or loss on the disposition and whether that gain or loss is short-term or long-term:

a. Ari receives some stock from his grandfather Stephan for Christmas. Stephan paid $4,300 for the stock 3 years earlier. The stock has a fair market value of $7,000 on December 24. Ari sells it on December 28 for $7,100 and pays a commission of $500 on the sale.

b. Joan owns 600 shares of Archibald Common Stock that she purchased in 2015 for $7,920. On July 1, 2018, Archibald declares and distributes a 10% stock dividend. Joan sells the 660 shares of Archibald stock on November 14, 2018, for $13,400 and pays a $700 commission on the sale.

c. On April 1, 2018, LeRoy sells to his son for $3,000 shares of stock for which he had paid $8,000 two years earlier. His son sells the shares for $11,000 on June 14, 2018.

d. Lee owns 800 shares of Bolstead, Inc., stock that she purchased for $20,000 on October 11, 2017. On July 5, 2018, Lee sells 400 shares of Bolstead stock for $7,000. On July 27, 2018, she purchases an additional 600 shares of Bolstead stock for $6,000. On December 3, 2018, she sells the remaining 1,000 shares of Bolstead stock for $12,000.