Which of the three defendants is entitled to the defense of ignorance of law? Support your answer with the information in your text regarding mens rea, ignorance and mistake generally, and the empirical evidence on moral, neutral, and immoral defendants.

Defendant 1

Mark is the head of a construction company in Europe. He learns that the price of a particular catalyst used to make reinforced concrete has recently plummeted in the United States, so he decides to fly to the United States to purchase US\($14,000\) worth of the catalyst. Mark places the \($14,000\) in an envelope in his suitcase, on top of his clothes.

At JFK Airport in New York, a customs officer randomly searches Mark’s luggage and discovers the notes in his suitcase. The customs officer informs Mark that it is illegal to take more than \($10,000\) into the United States and that he will be charged with an offense under the Customs Act. Mark tells the customs officer that he was honestly not aware of the law, but he is still charged with the offense of attempting to import in excess of \($10,000\) into the United States.

Defendant 2

Mark is the head of a charity organization in Europe that purchases medical equipment for sick children’s hospices. He learns that the price of several pieces of essential equipment in the United States has recently plummeted, so he decides to fly to the United States to purchase US\($14,000\) worth of equipment and have it shipped back to Europe. Mark places the \($14,000\) in an envelope in his suitcase, on top of his clothes.

At JFK Airport in New York, a customs officer randomly searches Mark’s luggage and discovers the notes in his suitcase. The customs officer informs Mark that it is illegal to take more than \($10,000\) into the United States and that he will be charged with an offense under the Customs Act. Mark tells the customs officer that he was honestly not aware of the law, but he is still charged with the offense of attempting to import in excess of \($10,000\) into the United States.

Defendant 3

Mark is the head of a drug syndicate in Europe. He learns that the price of heroin in the United States has plummeted temporarily, that the sellers will only accept cash payments, and that the price will soon rise to its usual levels. Mark decides to fly to the United States to purchase US\($14,000\) worth of heroin. Mark places the \($14,000\) in an envelope in his suitcase, on top of his clothes.

At JFK Airport in New York, a customs officer randomly searches Mark’s luggage and discovers the notes in his suitcase. The customs officer informs Mark that it is illegal to take more than \($10,000\) into the United States and that he will be charged with an offense under the Customs Act. Mark tells the customs officer that he was honestly not aware of the law, but he is still charged with the offense of attempting to import in excess of \($10,000\) into the United States.