In SQL, foreign key constraints can reference only the primary key attributes of the referenced relation or other attributes declared to be a superkey using the unique constraint. As a result, total participation constraints on a many-to-many relationship set (or on the “one” side of a one-to-many relationship set) cannot be enforced on the relations created from the relationship set, using primary key, foreign key, and not null constraints on the relations.

a. Explain why.

b. Explain how to enforce total participation constraints using complex check constraints or assertions.