Hypothesis tests are proposed. For each hypothesis test,

a. identify the variable.

b. identify the two populations.

c. determine the null and alternative hypotheses.

d. classify the hypothesis test as two-tailed, left-tailed, or right-tailed.

Television commercials ]are becoming increasingly important and prevalent in presidential elections. A study by D. Lowry and M. Naser examined whether rhetoric in presidential TV commercials is different between the winners and losers. The researchers published their results in the article “From Eisenhower to Obama: Lexical Characteristics of Winning versus Losing Presidential Campaign Commercials”. A hypothesis test was conducted to see whether, on average, the loser’s TV-commercial rhetoric was more frequent on terms that were self-related than that of the winner’s commercials.