Hypothesis tests are proposed. For each hypothesis test,

a. identify the variable.

b. identify the two populations.

c. determine the null and alternative hypotheses.

d. classify the hypothesis test as two tailed, left tailed, or right tailed.

Contingent faculty members in higher education are non-tenure track faculty, adjuncts, postdocs, lecturers, or instructors. R. Bowden and L. Gonzalez researched whether contingent faculty members are different from tenure-track faculty members with regards to teaching, research, and service in the article “The Rise of Contingent Faculty: Its Impact on the Professoriate and Higher Education”.  A hypothesis test was conducted to decide whether the mean number of classes taught for credit per semester was less for contingent faculty than for tenure-track faculty