The binomial random variable, x, may be used as the test statistic when testing hypotheses about the binomial parameter, p, when n is small

(say, 15 or less). Use Table 2 in Appendix B and determine the p-value for each of the following situations.

a. Ho: p  0.5, Ha: p  0.5, where n  15 and x  12

b. Ho: p  0.8, Ha: p  0.8, where n  12 and x  4

c. Ho: p  0.3, Ha: p  0.3, where n  14 and x  7

d. Ho: p  0.9, Ha: p  0.9, where n  13 and x  9