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engineering
introduction to chemical engineering
Introduction To Chemical Engineering Tools For Today And Tomorrow 5th Edition Kenneth A. Solen, John N. Harb - Solutions
You will remember from your chemistry classes that under the appropriate conditions, gases obey the “Perfect Gas Law” or “Ideal Gas Law:”Construct a spreadsheet to graph the volume of 1.0 gmol of a ideal gas at 0°C (273 K) as a function of the pressure. Your graph should show the volume in
Some of the most common sources of heat in a chemical plant are hot water and steam. The following questions explore the value of each of these as potential heat sources:a. Suppose that a hot water stream at 250°C is available as a heating source at a flow rate of 6.7 kg/s. How much heat can be
What happens when heat is added to a saturated liquid? Does the addition of heat cause the temperature to change? Why,or why not?
A hot fluid flows inside a cylindrical pipe while a cold fluid flows along the outside of the pipe. Given the following data, what is the largest resistance to heat transfer? Hot fluid: Heat-transfer coefficient: 0.015 W/cm² °C Density: 0.85 g/ml Cold fluid: Heat-transfer coefficient: 0.032
A liquid stream contains 27 mole% species A dissolved in a solvent. In a steady-state process, the stream enters a reactor where 2/3 of the species A is converted to species B. The heat of reaction at the reactor temperature equals -918kJ/kgmol of A reacted. How much heat (per kgmol of entering
As he watches you boil potatoes on the stove, your neighbor suggests that if you turn up the flame on the stove, the potatoes will cook faster because the water will be hotter. Is your neighbor correct? Why, or why not?
You have been assigned to design a heat exchanger to cool a gaseous process stream in a chemical plant. The stream (20 kg/s) enters at 431 K, has a heat capacity of 3.45 J/g°C, and needs to be cooled to 402 K. Cooling water is available at 85°F and has a specified maximum temperature of 120°F.
A heat exchanger is needed to heat a liquid process stream (flow = 10 kg/s, heat capacity = 3.0 kJ/kg°C) from 300°F to 425°F. The heat will be supplied by saturated steam on the shell side of the heat exchanger (available at 600 psig, approx. 490°F, and a. What flow rate of steam (mass/time) is
Explain what a “runaway reaction” is and what strategy is used to prevent it.
A simple heat exchanger consists of a hot fluid flowing inside a tube and a cold fluid flowing around (outside) that tube. What heat-transfer mechanisms operate in the following phases of transfer?a. Heat transfer from the inside fluid to the tube wallb. Heat transfer through the tube wallc. Heat
The last section of this chapter describes the sizing of a heat exchanger to cool the neutralized acid stream from 49.9°C to 27°C using cooling water available at 15°C. That calculation assumed an outlet temperature of 22°C for the cooling water. In contrast, this problem assumes that the
Which kind of steel would be the best candidate for a structural beam where a great deal of strength is needed: low-carbon steel, or high-carbon steel? Why?
For each of the following pairs of metals in contact in an aqueous solution, which metal will corrode?a. Iron and zincb. Iron and copper c. Gold and copperd. Iron and tin
One common tactic to prevent the corrosion of steel pipelines is to attach blocks of zinc or magnesium to the pipeline. How do these blocks protect the pipeline?
The structural beams of an offshore drilling rig are made of steel and are partially submerged in sea water. The submerged portions are observed to corrode, and your engineering assignment is to decrease the corrosion rate of the steel by putting a second metal in contact with the beams. For each
From what you have read, why would brick be a popular outer cover for homes in geographical regions where the weather is harsh?
Steel has a modulus of elasticity of approximately 30 × 106 psi. A sample of steel originally 2.0 in long and with a crosssectional area of 0.196 in2 is elastically stretched using 10,000 lbƒ. How many inches beyond the original length will the sample stretch?
Various lightweight composite materials are being tested for possible use as structural columns in a space station. Small samples of each composite (cross-sectional area = Asample in units of in2) are stretched elastically in a large press until the sample length has increased from 2 cm to 2.03
In a process to make a polymer, you change the average chain length of the polymer by varying the reactor conditions in the process. After some trial runs, you find that the polymer initially produced does not have sufficient strength for the intended application. Which way should you change the
Why is a combination of feedback and feedforward control better than using either feedback or feedforward control alone?
Identify the controlled variable and the manipulated variable in the control loops represented in Figures 12.6a and 12.6b. HCI Tank NaOH Tank Control Valve a (CC) Mixer pH Sensor b Product Cooler Control Valve Cooling Water Disposal Product Temperature Sensor
For each of the following systems, identify the control mode as either feedback or feedforward, and identify the controlled variable and the manipulated variable:a. Thermostat in your home or apartmentb. Speed (cruise) control in an automobile
Each of the following activities has some aspects that exhibit feedback control and some that exhibit feedforward control. For each activity, describe at least one aspect that is feedback and one that is feedforward:a. Riding a bicycleb. Being a student
A reactor in which an endothermic reaction takes place is held at constant temperature via a heating fluid circulated through a heating jacket around the reactor, as shown.a. Sketch a feedback control loop for this process to control the temperature inside the reactor by adjusting the flow rate of
Consider a feedforward control loop to control the coolingwater flow rate in the acid-neutralization process.a. What disturbances might be important to anticipate in the controller?b. Design (sketch) such a control loop and identify the important components.c. If you could only use a feedback loop
Water at 4◦C has a density of 1000 kg/m3. What is the equivalent value in units ofa. g/cm3?b. lbm/ft3?c. gmol/L? (as used in Example 4.5) EXAMPLE 4.5 SOLUTION For the acid-neutralization problem, the volumetric flow rate of the HCI solution coming from our manufacturing process is 11,600 L/hr,
Perform the following conversions by determining the equivalent value of the given number in the new units indicated:a. 3.9 cm/s to mi/hrb. 177 lbm ƒt/min2 to kg cm/s2c. 47 ƒt3 to gald. 2560 nm/s to μm/mine. 820 mg to ounces
“Pressure” was defined as force per area. In a particular situation, the pressure exerted on a certain surface is found to be 94,000 N/m2 = 94,000 kg/m s2. Identify the following parts of this expression of pressure: The numerical valueAll basic dimensions representedAll base units involvedAny
Using the material in the beginning of the textbook (after the table of contents and before Chapter 1), find and report the following:a. The meaning and dimensions of the symbol wƒ as used in this textbookb. The equivalent of 1 Btu (a unit of energy) when expressed in Joules (J)c. The definition
A gas mixture has the following percentages by mass:N2: 70%O2: 14%CO: 4%CO2: 12%What are the mole percentages of the gases in the mixture?
The length of a specimen is determined and, in the cgs system, is represented as 3.2 cm. How would this same length be represented in the SI system?
As teams (organized in class or outside of class, depending on your instructor’s preference), discuss each of the following (each student should turn in a separate set of answers): Considering each personality type described in Table 3.2,a. Which role(s) described in Table 3.3 would each
Classify the following as either batch or continuous processes, and indicate whether each is a steady-state or an unsteadystate process:a. A "surge tank" is used when a liquid is coming from one part of a process at a variable rate and we want to provide a reservoir of that liquid to feed another
Which three physical sciences, along with mathematics, are used in chemical engineering?
Select one of the “achievements” listed in Table 1.2 and write a short essay (as defined above) describing the development of the achievement and the role that chemical engineering (or specific chemical engineers) played in that development. Table 1.2 Some Great Achievements of Chemical
A major challenge in our society is balancing governmental protection of our environment with protection of industries that contribute to our economy. Write a short essay (as defined above) describing the issues that you think should be considered in that balance.
After reading about the Grand Challenges for Engineering, go to the following web address and watch the video provided at that site (6 minutes, 27 seconds):http://www.engineeringchallenges.org/ Indicate in writing (one or two sentences each) new knowledge or feelings about each of the Grand
Name the seven kinds of fundamental topics that chemical engineers must learn about.
From your home or apartment, select one of each of the following kinds of items and, from the information on the label or container, write down all its “ingredients” (intermediate products): candy bar, deodorant, laundry detergent, pain medication.
Beginning with an idea for producing a chemical product, briefly describe various stages of development that might be used to make the product and provide it to the end user. Indicate how the various activities of chemical engineering (Process Development Research, Technical Chemical Sales, Process
Write a short essay (as defined previously) in which you describe an aspect of humanitarian engineering (as briefly introduced in Section 1.3.3) and explain why it has particular meaning to you personally. Humanitarian Engineering An area of particular interest as we look to the future of
List common examples from everyday life for all of the following fundamental operations: fluid mechanics, heat transfer, evaporation or drying, and filtration.
View the video (29 minutes) entitled “Making the Connection – Careers for Chemical Engineers” (made by the Sloan Foundation for the AIChE) located at the following address: http://chemicalengineering.byu.edu/cheme-careers-video.a. In the video, 33 chemical engineers are introduced (some more
The procedure for treating patients with insufficient kidney function is called "hemodialysis." This procedure typically takes place for approximately 4 hours, three times per week.The following configuration is representative:A. The "impure" blood (containing waste products that need to be
In the definition of a chemical process, what is the purpose of the equipment and conditions used in the process?
How does a continuous process differ from a batch process?
In 2007, a group of students and faculty from Brigham Young University developed and took to Tonga a process for using coconuts (available in plentiful supply) to produce biodiesel fuel and soap (both products of high value to the Tongan people).The process consists of the following:A. The coconuts
What distinguishes a process as being steady-state?
Hydrogen gas is a valuable product, because it is used as a feedstock (starting material) for many chemical processes. A common way to produce high-purity hydrogen gas is by reaction of propane gas with steam using the following scheme:A. The propane gas is first sent to a Desulfurizer to remove
How does a PFD differ from a block diagram?
In our example of making chemical C from A and B, we formulated an automated process (Fig. 2.2) to replace a laboratory scheme (Fig. 2.1). What equipment in the automated process replaced each of the following laboratory equipment items?Test tubesLaboratory burnerReaction vesselDistillation
A common and important process is the manufacture of gelatin for food, pharmaceuticals, photographic film, and various technical applications. The chemistry is the simple hydration of collagen from animal bones or skins:Bones must be pretreated with steam to remove the grease, crushed into small
Of the seven steps suggested in this chapter for solving engineering problems,a. which steps involve thinking of new plans or ideas?b. which steps involve evaluating the plans or ideas?
Suggest another possible solution to the problem of dealing with the waste acid and discuss some possible advantages and disadvantages of your proposed solution.
In eliminating the possibility of contracting with an independent company to take the acid away, what assumptions were made?
Using a computer word processor of your choice, write a memo to your boss in which you communicate• That you received her memo assigning the problem to you• That you have met with your team to review possible ideas• Some of the ideas that had the most merit, and their apparent merits and
In evaluating the possibility of an evaporation pond to take care of the acid, several technical variables were mentioned that would affect the feasibility of such a pond. Based on those variables and any others you think are important, how feasible would an evaporation pond be if the facility were
As an engineer working for a company that produces food products, you discover a byproduct from one of the company processes. The byproduct is mostly protein (it could be edible) and has the unusual ability to absorb large amounts of water so that it can swell up to 20 times its original volume. As
What two properties of the waste stream would need to be altered before the stream could be discharged to the lake?
On Dec. 2, 1984, in a Union Carbide chemical plant in Bhopal, India, 250 gallons of water were accidentally added to a tank containing 10,000 gallons of methyl isocyanate (MIC, a highly toxic chemical used in the manufacture of pesticides).The resulting exothermic reaction caused some of the MIC to
Why was it necessary to check the state limit on dissolved solids in waste streams in order to determine if the plan to neutralize the acid was a feasible one?
Do the following problem as teams (organized in class or outside of class, depending on your instructor's preference):Suppose that you work for a large power company. One of your company's holdings is a small coal-fired power plant near an old coal mine that provided fuel for the plant. The plant
What assumption provides the key motivation for using teams? Under what conditions do you think this assumption would prove to not be true?
Which role in Table 3.3 do you think that you would best play in a team? Table 3.3 Roles within a Team Structure Leader/Coordinator The leader is responsible for calling group meetings, handling or assigning administrative details, planning team activities, and overseeing preparation of reports and
After the team activity of Problem 6, answer the following individually:a. Describe the team interactions you observed as your team worked on Problem 6. Include an explanation of whether you identified elements of team development as outlined in Table 3.1.b. From the descriptions in Table 3.2 and
What benefit(s) can come from knowing the stages of team development (Table 3.1)? Table 3.1 1. Forming Stages of Team Development (adapted from ref. 1) Organization of the group, setting of rules and procedures, introductions of members and learning a little about each other. 2. Storming Emergence
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