Stray voltage is a serious problem on dairy farms, often resulting from corroded wiring or poor wiring practices. These conditions can produce several volts between the ground and metal watering bowls, feed troughs, or milking equipment. Cows feel shocks that make them nervous, reducing milk output and sometimes leading to mammary gland infections. As a result, farmers can face serious financial losses. Figure 25.43 shows a typical stray-voltage situation, with the source of stray voltage modeled as a 6-V emf in series with a 1k? resistance.

In an effort to diagnose the problem, a farmer connects an ideal voltmeter between the water bowl and ground, with the cow absent. The voltmeter reading isa. 2 V.b. 4 V.c. 6 V.d. none of the above.

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1 kn Water bowl wW- 6.0 V Ro 500 0 Ground