In educational testing, a student’s ability is defined as this student’s average score on a large number of tests that are similar with respect to subject matter and difficulty.

A student’s score on a particular test is equally likely to be above or below the student’s ability. Suppose a group of 100 students takes two similar tests and the scores on both tests have a mean of 65 with a standard deviation of 14. If a student’s score on the second test is 52, would you predict that this student’s score on the first test was

(a) below 52,

(b) 52,

(c) between 52 and 65,

(d) 65, or

(e) above 65? Explain your reasoning.

Nitrogen Yield Table 9.16: Exercise 9.47 Nitrogen Yield Nitrogen Yield 50 91 90 129 170 160 130 155 250 175 250 183 90 138 210 185 170 177 170 172 130 170 90 124 130 155 250 166 50 95 210 183 50 84 210 171