Say that we want to compute the stochastic integral Analogy with ordinary calculus would suggest using the

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Say that we want to "compute" the stochastic integral


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Analogy with ordinary calculus would suggest using the chain rule for the differentiation of composite functions, in order to obtain a differential that can be integrated directly. Specifically, we might guess that


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where we use \(\stackrel{?}{=}\) again to underline that we are just making guesses. This in turn would suggest that


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Unfortunately, this cannot be the correct answer, as it contradicts our previous findings. We have just seen that the expected value of an integral of this kind is zero, but


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We see that the two expected values do not match at all, and there must be something wrong somewhere.

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