Any patient who is taking estrogens, progestins, or combination products should be cautioned to avoid smoking because.

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Any patient who is taking estrogens, progestins, or combination products should be cautioned to avoid smoking because. 

a. Nicotine increases the metabolism of the hormones, making them less effective. 

b. The risk for potentially dangerous thromboembolic episodes increases. 

c. Nicotine amplifies the adverse effects of the hormones. 

d. Nicotine blocks hormone receptor sites, and they may no longer be effective.

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