Indicate whether the actions listed a through \(h\), primarily represent initiatives for cost containment (CC), cost avoidance (CA), or cost reduction (CR). Indicate what costs were contained, avoided, or reduced as support for your answer.

a. A small manufacturer outsourced its payroll processing function resulting in an overall drop in costs due to efficiencies gained by not using internal resources.

b. The sales staff of a large insurance company are provided a daily per diem amount for travel expenditures.

c. A mid-sized manufacturer of auto supplies reduces price volatility by negotiating six-month price contracts with its suppliers.

d. A small retailer instituted a new policy allowing employees to voluntarily take unpaid time off during non-peak times, which resulted in lower salaries costs and increased employee morale.

e. An online retailer renegotiated its contract with a supplier, which now requires the supplier to insure the goods in transit (formeriy paid for by the retailer).

f. In order to maintain its current medical insurance costs, a service provider increased each employee's deductible on each medical service by 25 percent.

h. A retailer relocated its corporate office rental space to a location with lower rent and easier accessibility to the airport for travel purposes.