a. One question is whether 0.346, the observed proportion of PED-suspended players from the U.S., is (statistically) significantly less than 0.573, the proportion of all players from the U.S. Before you attempt to answer this question, explain what the question means (i.e., what statistical significance means) in this context. Write as if to a friend who is a baseball fan but has not studied statistics.
b. Perform a simulation analysis to investigate the question in part (a). Write a paragraph summarizing the results and conclusion that you draw from your simulation analysis, again as if to a friend who is a baseball fan but has not studied statistics.
c. Calculate the value of the standardized statistic (z-value) for comparing 34.6% to 57.3% in this context. Interpret what this value means and summarize the conclusion that you can draw from it.