This question explores a data set considered in Chapter 6 using an independent-samples t-test to make your conclusion. (We will compare those results with the results using ANOVA.) Do heart rates of men and women diff er? To answer this question, we will look at a data set in an article by Allen L. Shoemaker of Calvin College found in the Journal of Statistics Education, vol. 4, no. 2 (1996). Use the data set HeartRates to answer the question “Do heart rates, on average, differ between males and females?”
a. Give the null and alternative hypotheses for this study.

b. Use a theory-based approach to compare two independent samples using the t-statistic on these data and give your t-statistic value and p-value and state your complete conclusion along with reasoning.
c. Complete an ANOVA test on these data and give the values of your F-statistic value and p-value.
d. Compare your conclusions in parts (b) and (c).
e. What additional validity condition needs to be met to conduct an ANOVA test that is not needed for an independent-samples (theory-based) t-test?