In the preceding discussion of existential import, it was shown why, in the Boolean interpretation of propositions adopted in this book, most of the inferences that traditionally were thought to be valid are not valid. These inferences mistakenly assume that certain classes have members, thereby committing the existential fallacy. This fallacy is committed in each of the arguments presented below. Explain the point or points at which, in each argument, the mistaken existential assumption is made.

(1) No citizen is one who has succeeded in accomplishing the impossible; 

(2) No one who has succeeded in accomplishing the impossible is a citizen therefore, therefore, 

(3) All who have succeeded in accomplishing the impossible are noncitizens; therefore , 

(4) Some who have succeeded in accomplishing the impossible are noncitizens; therefore , 

(5) Some noncitizen is one who has succeeded in accomplishing the impossible.