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social science
introduction to logic

Questions and Answers of Introduction To Logic

After researching one of the following topics, write an essay of eight to ten pages evaluating the plausibility of the underlying hypothesis.1. The existence of UFOs2. Extraterrestrial abductions3.
Design an experiment to test the claims of astrology. You might begin by selecting ten “clients”; obtain the exact time and location of their births and have an astrologer do a reading for each.
Design an experiment to test whether people are prone to believing fantastical explanations of things they do not understand (including conjurer’s tricks.) Consider repeating the experiment
Set up an experiment to test for the autokinetic effect. The experiment might involve a small point of light in a large, dark room, or a flashlight some distance away on a dark night. Select a small
Try your hand at cold reading. Have an assistant select some “clients” who are willing to come in for a reading. They should be told in advance that you have genuine abilities in this area. In
Dowsing involves the use of a forked tree branch (“dowsing rod”) to find underground water. Sometimes a pair of metal rods are used, and sometimes oil, minerals, and metal objects are claimed to
Dowsing involves the use of a forked tree branch (“dowsing rod”) to find underground water. Sometimes a pair of metal rods are used, and sometimes oil, minerals, and metal objects are claimed to
Iridology is a diagnostic procedure that depends on the hypothesis that each organ of the body is represented by a specific part of the iris. By examining the eyes of a patient, the iridologist is
Psychic phenomena include psychokinesis, telepathy, clairvoyance, and precognition (see Exercise I, 7). Design an experiment to test for the existence of one or more forms of these phenomena. The
On June 24 and 26, 1981, six children in the little village of Medjugorje in Bosnia (former Yugoslavia) claimed to have had a vision of the Virgin Mary. In the days and weeks that followed, more
On June 24 and 26, 1981, six children in the little village of Medjugorje in Bosnia (former Yugoslavia) claimed to have had a vision of the Virgin Mary. In the days and weeks that followed, more
In 1955, the psychologist N. D. Sundburg gave the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, a commonly used personality test, to forty-four students. Next he had two highly experienced
The first step in providing an astrological reading is to cast the chart. This is followed by an analysis of interacting chart factors, which in turn is followed by the astrologer's interpretation of
On the basis of a person's natal chart (horoscope cast according to the person's date, time, and place of birth), astrologers claim to be able to analyze that person's character and personality and
In 1970, the physicist David Simpson and his colleague Norman Foxwell performed an experiment involving a group of UFO buffs in England. On a Saturday evening about thirty of these individuals had
In 1975 James Randi offered $10,000 (later increased to $1,000,000) to any person who could perform a paranormal feat (including any demonstration of psychic power) in his presence under controlled
In 1975 James Randi offered $10,000 (later increased to $1,000,000) to any person who could perform a paranormal feat (including any demonstration of psychic power) in his presence under controlled
Psychic phenomena include psychokinesis, telepathy, clairvoyance, and precognition. Psychokinesis is the ability to move objects through the direct power of the mind, telepathy is the power to
Suppose you are a fortune-teller. You have a small shop in Milwaukee complete with a crystal ball, beads hanging in the doorway, incense, and a shelf of books devoted to the dark arts. At about 4:00
The modern creationist theory, called “scientific creationism,” propounded by Duane Gish and Henry Morris, accounts for geologic formations and fossils by appealing to the great flood of Noah.
The modern creationist theory, called “scientific creationism,” propounded byDuane Gish and Henry Morris, accounts for geologic formations and fossilsby appealing to the great flood of Noah. This
One of the early creationist theories advanced in opposition to Darwin’s theory of natural selection was put forward by the nineteenth-century naturalist Philip Gosse. According to this theory, God
Discuss the following reports from residents of Hong Kong (taken from “Hong Kong’s Feng Shui: Popular Magic in a Modern Urban Setting,” by Charles F. Emmons, Journal of Popular Culture, Summer
Discuss the meaning of the following selections:a. The universe is a macrocosm of creative energy and power, and every man, woman, and child is the epitome of this totality of the cosmos. Within your
Discuss the evidentiary problems raised by the following questions:a. After drinking tea made from tarragon leaves every day for a year, your grandfather reports that his bunions cleared up. Does
If a hypothesis gives rise to contradictory implications, it is incoherent.Answer “true” or “false” to the following statements.
The theoretical interpretations of light, electricity, and magnetism during the first part of the nineteenth century illustrate a condition of inadequacy.Answer “true” or “false” to the
If a theory is incoherent, it is deficient in rationality.Answer “true” or “false” to the following statements.
A hypothesis is fruitful to the extent that it suggests new ideas for future analysis and confirmation.Answer “true” or “false” to the following statements.
If a hypothesis is not externally consistent, then it must be discarded.Answer “true” or “false” to the following statements.
The coherence of a hypothesis has to do with how well the hypothesis fits the facts.Answer “true” or “false” to the following statements.
The adequacy of a hypothesis has to do with how well the ideas or terms in the hypothesis are rationally interconnected.Answer “true” or “false” to the following statements.
The problem with the distinction between empirical and theoretical hypotheses is that observation is dependent on theory.Answer “true” or “false” to the following statements.
Theoretical hypotheses concern how something should be conceptualized.Answer “true” or “false” to the following statements.
Torricelli’s and Pasteur’s hypotheses may be classified as theoretical hypotheses.Answer “true” or “false” to the following statements.
The hypotheses relating to the discoveries of radium and Neptune may be classified as empirical hypotheses.Answer “true” or “false” to the following statements.
In Pasteur’s day, the theory of spontaneous generation held that life was produced by the direct action of oxygen on organic nutrients.Answer “true” or “false” to the following statements.
Torricelli’s hypothesis was consistent with the hypothesis that nature abhors a vacuum.Answer “true” or “false” to the following statements.
In the Neptune episode, Adams and Leverrier deserve the credit for working out the implications of the hypothesis.Answer “true” or “false” to the following statements.
In the episode pertaining to the discovery of radium, all of the hypotheses turned out to be true.Answer “true” or “false” to the following statements.
If an implication of a hypothesis is false, then we may conclude that the hypothesis is false, at least in part.Answer “true” or “false” to the following statements.
If the implications of a hypothesis are true, then we may conclude that the hypothesis is true.Answer “true” or “false” to the following statements.
Hypotheses serve the purpose of directing the search for additional evidence.Answer “true” or “false” to the following statements.
Hypotheses serve the purpose of directing the search for additional evidence.Answer “true” or “false” to the following statements.
Hypotheses are derived directly from the evidence.Answer “true” or “false” to the following statements.
Hypothetical reasoning is useful when the evidence by itself does not provide the solution to the problem.Answer “true” or “false” to the following statements.
Write a short paper analyzing one or more of the hypotheses formulated by Sherlock Holmes in one of the stories by Arthur Conan Doyle. Include a discussion of the problem, the hypothesis, the
Write a short paper on one of the following scientific events. Discuss the problem, one or more hypotheses that were formulated, the implications that were drawn, and the test procedures that were
A short time before final exams you lose your class notes. You recall having seen them four days ago. Use your own personal activities and movements during the past four days as the basis for
You are a manager of a department store, and, although business has been brisk lately, your chief accountant informs you that the store is losing money.For each of the following situations, invent at
You are a philosophy professor at a university, and while reading a set of term papers you discover that two of them are identical. Those two papers are also extremely well written.For each of the
On a rainy evening you return to your ground-floor apartment and discover that you have been burglarized. You can’t believe it, because you are certain you locked the door when you went out. You
A close friend calls you on the phone and confides a personal secret. That night you write the secret in your diary. A few days later your friend is furious with you because the friend overheard
After driving for miles on a dusty road, you park your car near the bank of a river and take a hike through the woods. Soon you become lost. In one direction you see a small stream, and in the other,
On a windy day you pick up the phone to call a friend, but you find that the line is dead. You live in a house and share phone expenses with a housemate.For each of the following situations, invent
After mailing your paycheck to the bank, you write a check to pay your rent. The rent check bounces.For each of the following situations, invent at least three hypotheses aimed at explaining what
After settling in a new location you buy some seeds for a flower garden. When the flowers come up, they are stunted and of poor quality.For each of the following situations, invent at least three
Someone you have been dating has a birthday coming up, so you call a florist and order flowers for the occasion. Two days later the person is cold and distant.For each of the following situations,
Do some research and find a way that people or corporations cheat with statistics. Write a paragraph describing what you found.
Expressing profits as a percentage of sales volume presents an honest picture of the earnings of a corporation.Answer “true” or “false” to the following statements:
If a certain quantity is increased by 10 percent and later decreased by 10 percent, the quantity is restored to what it was originally.Answer “true” or “false” to the following statements:
Data reflecting a 100 percent increase in housing construction could be accurately represented by a pictogram of two houses, one twice as high as the other.Answer “true” or “false” to the
The visual impression made by graphs can be exaggerated by changing one of the scales while leaving the other unchanged.Answer “true” or “false” to the following statements:
Data reflecting the size of full-grown horses would exhibit greater dispersion than would data reflecting the size of full-grown dogs.Answer “true” or “false” to the following statements:
Data reflecting the size of full-grown horses would exhibit greater dispersion than would data reflecting the size of full-grown dogs.Answer “true” or “false” to the following statements:
Statements about averages often present an incomplete picture, lacking information about the dispersion.Answer “true” or “false” to the following statements:
Range, variance, and standard deviation are measurements of dispersion.Answer “true” or “false” to the following statements:
If a set of data conforms to the normal probability distribution, then the mean, median, and mode have the same value.Answer “true” or “false” to the following statements:
Data reflecting the results of a random sample conform fairly closely to the normal probability distribution.Answer “true” or “false” to the following statements:
If one needed to know whether a sizable portion of a group were above or below a certain level, the most useful sense of average would be mode.Answer “true” or “false” to the following
The modal value of a set of data is the arithmetical average.Answer “true” or “false” to the following statements:
The median value of a set of data is the middle point when the data are arranged in ascending order.Answer “true” or “false” to the following statements:
The median value of a set of data is the middle point when the data are arranged in ascending order.Answer “true” or “false” to the following statements:
The mean value of a set of data is the value that occurs with the greatest frequency.Answer “true” or “false” to the following statements:
The personal interaction between a surveyor and a respondent can affect the outcome of a survey.Answer “true” or “false” to the following statements:
When a sample consists of human beings, the purpose for which the sample is taken can affect the outcome.Answer “true” or “false” to the following statements:
In general, if sample A is twice as large as sample B, then the sampling error for A is one-half that for B.Answer “true” or “false” to the following statements:
To ensure the same precision, a population of 1 million would require a much larger random sample than would a population of 100,000.Answer “true” or “false” to the following statements:
If a sample is randomly selected, the larger the sample is, the more closely it replicates the population.Answer “true” or “false” to the following statements:
If a population is randomly arranged, a sample obtained by selecting every tenth member would be a random sample.Answer “true” or “false” to the following statements:
If a sample is very large, it need not be randomly selected.Answer “true” or “false” to the following statements:
An instructor gave a ten-question multiple-choice quiz to twelve students. The scores were 10, 10, 9, 9, 8, 8, 8, 7, 7, 7, 7, 6. What is the mean score? What is the variance and standard deviation of
A small company has five employees who missed work during a certain month. The number of days missed were 1, 1, 2, 4, 7. What is the mean number of days missed? What is the variance and standard
A day-care center cares for ten children. Their ages are 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 4, 6, 6. Construct a histogram that represents the distribution of ages. What is the mean age? What is the variance and
Given the following group of people together with their salaries, what is the average salary in the sense of mean, median, and mode?
Given the following group of people together with their weights, what is the average weight in the sense of mean, median, and mode?
What figures should be written in the left-hand column of Table 12.1, in the text, to produce a similar table based on a confidence level of 99 percent? For a confidence level of 99 percent, the
What figures should be written in the left-hand column of Table 12.1, in the text, to produce a similar table based on a confidence level of 99 percent? For a confidence level of 99 percent, the
An efficiency expert was hired to increase the productivity of a manufacturing firm and was given three months to accomplish the task. At the end of the period the productivity had increased from
There were 20 percent more traffic accidents in 2016 than there were in 1995. Therefore, it was 20 percent more dangerous to drive a car in 2016 than it was in 1995.
During a certain year, a grocery store chain had total sales of $100 million and profits of $10 million. The profits thus amounted to a modest 10 percent for that year.
Forced to make cutbacks, the president of a manufacturing firm reduced certain costs as follows: advertising by 4 percent, transportation by 5 percent, materials by 2 percent, and employee benefits
A corporation’s sales for two consecutive years are represented in a bar graph. Since the bar for the later year is twice as high as the one for the previous year, it follows that sales for the
To determine the percentage of patients who follow the advice of their personal physician, researchers asked 200 randomly chosen physicians to put the question to their patients. Of the 2,400
To determine the percentage of adult Americans who have never read the U.S. Constitution, surveyors put this question to a random sample of 1,000 adults. Only 13 percent gave negative answers.
Do some research and find an actual application of Bayes’s theorem that is not mentioned in this book. Then write a paragraph on your findings.
Mr. Andrews, a grape merchant, inquires about a certain wine that he tastes at a party. The host tells him that from a total of ten bottles of that wine, six came from the north vineyard and four
Ms. Jones, a bookstore owner, wishes to send out an advertisement to potential customers. She estimates that 20 percent of the town’s residents are recreational readers, and she knows that all of
Ms. Jones, a bookstore owner, wishes to send out an advertisement to potential customers. She estimates that 20 percent of the town’s residents are recreational readers, and she knows that all of
A physician has diagnosed a patient as having either hepatitis or liver cancer (but not both). Statistics reveal that hepatitis occurs in the general population twice as frequently as liver cancer.

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