Pictured below are two organizational charts describing the way upper management vets new proposals. For both models, three vice presidents—1, 2, and 3—each voice an opinion. 

For (a), all three must concur if the proposal is to pass; if any one of the three favors the proposal in (b), it passes. Let A_i denote the event that vice president i favors the proposal, i = 1, 2, 3, and let A denote the event that the proposal passes. Express A in terms of the A_i’s for the two office protocols. Under what sorts of situations might one system be preferable to the other?

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(a) ê 3