Question: Mechanical engineers, testing a new arc-welding technique, classified welds both with respect to appearance and an X-ray inspection. Test for independence using (alpha=0.05) and find
Mechanical engineers, testing a new arc-welding technique, classified welds both with respect to appearance and an X-ray inspection.

Test for independence using \(\alpha=0.05\) and find the individual cell contributions to the \(\chi^{2}\) statistic.
Appearance Bad Normal Good Total Bad 20 7 3 30 X-ray Normal 13 51 16 80 Good 7 12 21 40 Total 40 70 40 150
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