Recall Question 4.1.1 about intrinsic motivation and position in the classroom. What types of variables are being analyzed? 

A. Both the explanatory and response variables are categorical. 

B. Both the explanatory and response variables are quantitative. 

C. The explanatory is categorical, and the response variable is quantitative. 

D. The explanatory is quantitative, and response variable is categorical.

Data from Question 4.1.1

A study done in France (Uffler et al., 2017) explored whether there is an association between a student’s intrinsic motivation and where they sit in class. More specifically, they studied 593 health science students (mostly nursing students) in 9 different classrooms by giving them a questionnaire that measured their intrinsic motivation. (Those that are intrinsically motivated do things because that is naturally satisfying to them and they don’t need an external reward.) The researchers also noted the distance each student sat from the front of the class. The researchers found that students who sat closer to the front of the class tended to have higher intrinsic motivation scores. In this context, what are the observational units?